高活性多层微球的可控构筑及其在固体推进剂中的性能研究

It is the main way to improve the energy performance of solid propellant by introducing new high energy density material and improving the combustion efficiency and energy release efficiency. In this project, a novel well-controlled high activity multilayer micro-sphere such as nano-Al/binder/ oxidizer will be fabricated. The influence of preparation parameters on the performance of high activity multilayer micro-sphere will be deeply explored. The compatibility and interaction mechanism of high activity multilayer micro-sphere with its related components in high energy solid propellant will be investigated by theoretical simulation, thermal analysis, thermal stability test at 50 DEG C and sensitivity test. The combustion law, energy release and energy utilization efficiency of high activity multilayer microspheres and microspheres containing solid propellant will be discussed by the flame structure, heat of explosion, particle size and morphology of combustion residue, content of active aluminum in combustion residue and the specific impulse etc. Finally, the problem of safety performance in the process of preparation, storage and application could be solved and the existing preparation technology of high energy solid propellant would become better by the fully improving the characteristics of new high energy density material with high energy but bad safety, low stability and poor compatibility.

在固体推进剂中引入新型高能量密度材料、提高现有含能材料的燃烧效率和能量释放效率是进一步提高其能量性能的主要途径。本项目拟筛选合适的热塑性粘合剂和氧化剂，设计出符合安全要求的高活性多层微球，采用在线包覆制备出纳米Al/粘合剂的中心成核层，并将氧化剂嵌入中心成核层的外部，构筑出成份和形态可控的纳米Al/粘合剂/氧化剂组成的高活性多层微球，评估其对高能固体推进剂能量性能的影响。通过热分析、50℃热稳定性实验、感度实验研究其与高能固体推进剂相关组分的相互作用机理。通过燃烧火焰结构、爆热、燃烧物残渣的粒径和形貌、燃烧物残渣中的活性铝含量等研究高活性多层微球及含微球固体推进剂的燃烧规律、能量释放效率和能量利用效率。最终，通过充分改善新型高能量密度材料能量高但安全性、稳定性和组分相容性较差的特性，以解决其在制备、贮存和使用过程中的安全性能问题，改进现有固体推进剂的制备工艺。

本项目针对纳米 Al 等新型高能量密度材料在固体推进剂中使用效果不佳的问题，开展高活性多层微球的设计研究：采用基于密度泛函理论（DFT）的Materials Studio 软件的Dmol3模块计算了Al与AP间界面作用，结果表明AP与Al间的界面吸附能力极强。采用分子动力学模拟计算得到的铝粉和粘合剂间的溶解度参数的差值。可以看出，粘合剂剂与铝粉的溶解度差值从大到小依次为：NG/BTTN，TMETN，TEGDN，MeNENA，A3，BuNENA/MeNENA，BuNENA；高活性多层微球的制备研究：制备了多种不同功能化石墨烯，并采用原位反应法成功实现了其对铝粉的包覆，研究了不同功能化石墨烯对包覆铝粉的性能影响，优选出适宜的功能化石墨烯，进而采用液相沉积工艺成功实现了AP层的包覆复合；高活性多层微球对固体推进剂燃烧性能和能量性能的影响研究：采用氧弹量热仪对其燃烧热及爆热进行了表征，采用DSC-TG对其热分解/热氧化性能进行了表征，采用冲击、摩擦、静电感度对其安全性能进行了表征，采用CO2激光点火装置联合高速摄影对其燃烧性能进行了表征，结果显示燃烧热随铝粉粒径增大而增大，AP分解峰温随铝粉粒径减小而推后，含小粒径铝粉的高活性微球燃烧更剧烈。突破新型含能复合材料的制备及其在高能固体推进剂的应用，为获得更高能量的固体推进剂提供知识和技术储备。