油页岩利用过程爆炸机理及防治方法研究

The oil shale reserves are very abundant in China. It's a key way for solving the energy problem by exploring and utilizing the oil shale resources reasonably. Aimed at the potential fire and explosion risks in the oil shale utilizing process of oil refining and combustion for power generation, the explosion mechanisms of oil shale dust and its hybrid will be investigated systematically for the selected four kinds of typical oil shale sample from different areas in China. The experiment research work will be done by the existed equipment and the one planned to develop for testing at elevated temperature. The results provide experimental and theoretical bases for the risk assessment and safety management of the oil utilizing process. Further, inertizing research of CO2、N2 on the explosions of oil shale dusts and its hybrid are to be conducted on the small scale apparatus. Based on the derived important index-limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) the inherent safety explosion protection method can be established. In order to guarantee its safety when used in industry, the suggested methods will be magnified and verified on the 1m3 large-scale explosion test system for different process conditions. Based on a large number of preliminary explosion experimental data and explosion mitigating methods, the data-based risk assessment model will be established according to risk theory. Comparing with the traditional risk assessment method, some disadvantages, such as the less accident samples and the subjectivity of assessment personnel will be overcome in this new model. This model has important theoretical and practical value for quantitative assessing the explosion risk and supervising the safety production of oil shale utilizing process.

我国油页岩储量丰富，合理开发油页岩资源是破解我国能源危机的重要途径之一。针对油页岩炼油和燃烧发电过程中潜在的火灾、爆炸事故风险，项目通过已有和计划研发的高温环境爆炸性测试系统，以国内4种典型的油页岩产品为代表，系统研究油页岩粉尘及油页岩杂混物的爆炸机理和特性，为生产过程风险评价和安全管理奠定实验和理论依据；再通过小型实验，研究CO2、N2对油页岩及其杂混物的惰化机理，得到防止爆炸发生的关键指标- - 极限氧浓度，从而确定油页岩生产过程的本质安全防爆方法，并在1立方米大型爆炸测试系统上对不同工艺条件下建立的本安防爆方法进行放大和验证，确保其在工业生产上应用的安全性。在前期大量爆炸性数据和防爆方法的基础上，利用风险理论建立基于数据的生产过程风险评价模型，克服了传统风险评估方法中事故统计样本少、评价人员主观随意性的缺点，对于评价油页岩利用过程爆炸事故风险、指导安全生产工作具有重要的理论意义和实用价值

首次对中国4种典型油页岩样品进行了系统爆炸特性测试研究，其中最小点火能普遍高于烟煤粉尘，最低着火温度与烟煤相近，爆炸下限高于烟煤，最大爆炸压力略低于烟煤，爆炸指数龙口油页岩与烟煤相当，其他低于烟煤。总之，我国油页岩粉尘爆炸危险性一般，略低于烟煤，可借鉴烟煤的防爆方法进行油页岩粉尘的爆炸防治。.课题研究了油页岩粉尘杂混物的爆炸特性。利用研发的测试装置研究了可燃气对油页岩粉尘爆炸特性的影响。发现粉-气杂混物的最小点火能随可燃气含量的增加而下降，对挥发分含量低的FS油页岩粉尘影响最为显著，从J级别降为mJ级别。可燃气的引入使油页岩粉尘爆炸下限明显下降。当可燃气的浓度超过3%时，油页岩粉尘的爆炸下限下降趋势变缓，当浓度为9%时，爆炸下限趋于50g/m3。杂混物的爆炸强度均高于单纯的油页岩粉尘。.课题研究了高温对油页岩粉尘及其杂混物爆炸特性的影响。当温度升高时油页岩粉尘及其杂混物的最小点火能均随着初始温度的升高而下降，当可燃气含量超过2%后，点火能下降趋于平缓，可燃气含量的影响远超过温度升高带来的影响。环境温度升高爆炸下限均呈下降趋势，爆炸范围在扩大。但随着初始温度的升高，最大爆炸压力却逐渐降低，由常温下的0.6、0.59、0.55、0.52MPa分别降至100℃下的0.48、0.45、0.43、0.40MPa，平均下降10%；但最大压力上升速率随温度升高而增大。.课题研究了氮气、二氧化碳对LK油页岩粉尘及其杂混物的惰化效果，发现当环境的氧含量低于15%时爆炸将不再发生。基于此，提出我国油页岩综合利用过程中的极限氧浓度为13%，为提出本质安全防爆方法奠定了实验基础。.以抚顺式干馏炉为背景，建立了油页岩干馏工艺火灾爆炸风险评价指标体系，采用模糊综合评价方法建立了油页岩干馏工艺火灾爆炸危险性评价模型。利用该模型可以对油页岩利用现状的火灾爆炸风险进行评价，也可用于指导生产过程的防爆安全改进。