高性能本体磷-氮膨胀型阻燃硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备及阻燃机理研究

There is a problem urgently to be solved in polyurethane field that how to endow the rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) excellent flame retardant performance, at the same time, don’t deteriorate the other properties of RPUF. Based on the advantages of single P-N intumescent flame retardant(SIFR), for example, halogen free, outstanding flame retardance, smoke suppression, and considering the feature of rigid molecular structure strengthening mechanical properties of RPUF, the research idea of preparing the inherently flame retardant RPUF with excellent.performance is proposed. Firstly, the SIFR intermediates with rigid molecular structure are synthesized. Then, the inherently intumescent flame retardant RPUF is prepared by the polyether glycols which the SIFR intermediates are grafted in their molecular chains. By the method, RPUF will possess excellent and durable flame retardant and smoke suppression, at the same time, the structure of RPUF can’t been damage, because SIFR is linked with RPUF by covalent bonding. At the same time, the effective reinforcement of RPUF can been realized by rigid molecular structure of SIFR, which make mechanical properties of RPUF get further improvement. Thereby, the inherently P-N intumescent flame retardant RPUF with excellent performances is obtained. Furthermore, the connection is researched between composition structure and the performance of the inherently flame retardant RPUF, and the flame retardant mechanism is explored. The research may provide a new idea and theoretical guidance for the preparation of the RPUF with excellent performances.

如何在赋予硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)优良阻燃性能的同时又不损害其别的性能，是RPUF高性能化面临的一个亟待解决的问题。本项目基于单组份磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂(SIFR)无卤、高阻燃性、抑烟性能好的优点，结合刚性分子结构可对RPUF力学性能增强的特点，提出一种实现RPUF高性能化的新思路，即通过分子结构设计，合成一类具有刚性分子结构的SIFR中间体，然后将该中间体接枝于聚醚多元醇分子链中，以此聚醚多元醇为原料制备本体无卤阻燃RPUF。该方法可实现SIFR与RPUF分子水平的相容，在不破坏RPUF结构的情况下，可赋予RPUF优良持久的阻燃性能和抑烟性能，同时刚性分子结构设计可对RPUF的力学性能进一步增强，从而制得高性能本体磷-氮膨胀型阻燃RPUF。在此基础上，进一步研究阻燃RPUF的组成结构与其性能的关系和探讨其阻燃机理，为RPUF高性能化提供新的研究思路和理论基础。

本项目基于单组份磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂与反应型阻燃剂的优点，结合刚性分子结构可对RPUF力学性能增强的特点，选用具有刚性分子结构的单组份磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂对RPUF进行本体阻燃，在赋予RPUF优良持久的阻燃性能和抑烟性能的同时，实现力学性能的进一步增强。在成功制备高性能本体磷-氮膨胀型阻燃RPUF的基础上，研究阻燃聚醚结构及用量对RPUF阻燃性能、热性能和力学性能的作用机制，探明阻燃RPUF热分解行为、燃烧中的气相成分和凝聚相成分的变化规律，研究阻燃RPUF燃烧后生成的炭层形貌和成分、化学元素结合态、石墨化结构等微观组成，最终揭示其阻燃机理。