越冬雁鸭类和同域家禽肠道寄生虫多样性、时空动态及分子流行病学研究

Bird and poultry is the host and vehicle of many diseases, the transmission route and rule of parasitic disease between them has become one of the most prevalent topics at present. Sympatric bird and poultry can cross infected parasitic disease with each other through behaviors such as feed, drinking and excretion, resulting in repeated transmission of parasites between "wild birds - poultry - wild birds - poultry". Caizi Lake and Shengjin Lake are important stopover and wintering grounds for migratory waterbirds in China, amount of waterbirds come here to overwintering, it also has the most populous and developed breeding industry in the areas. In winter, migratory waterbirds and poultry often feed together in the farmland around the lakes, it really increasing the risk for the spread of the parasites. So, we need to know the transmission route and rule of the parasite spread between sympatric wild bird and poultry in densely populated areas. In this study, we research the intestinal parasite diversity, temporal-spatial dynamic and correlation analysis of sympatric wintering geese and ducks and poultry. In addition, we also study the moleculear epidemiology of parasites between wild birds and poultry. Through the above study, we want to known the transmission route and rule of parasites between wild birds and poultry in the end. According to this study, it would be helpful for prognostication and prevention of parasites diseases, and also important for public health and epidemic prevention.

鸟类和家禽是一些疾病的宿主及传播媒介，近年来，候鸟与家禽之间的寄生虫疾病传播规律已经成为研究的热点。同域生活的候鸟和家禽能够通过取食、饮水和排泄粪便等行为交互感染，造成寄生虫在“野鸟—家禽—野鸟—家禽”之间的反复传播。菜子湖和升金湖是雁鸭类水鸟重要的迁徙停歇地和越冬地，该地区人口稠密、饲养业发达，大量越冬雁鸭类和家禽在湖区或者周边的农田中共同觅食，这种同域生活极大増加了寄生虫疾病的爆发和传播风险；因此人口密集的野鸟聚集区寄生虫在迁徙鸟类和家禽之间的传播规律的研究显得更为重要和迫切。本研究拟通过对越冬雁鸭类和同域家禽寄生虫多样性、时空动态及分子流行病学特征的分析，阐明寄生虫在候鸟和家禽之间的传播途径及传播规律。同时，本研究也为寄生虫疾病预测及防制提供理论依据，在公共卫生和流行病防疫等方面具有重要的意义。

鸟类和家禽是一些疾病的宿主及传播媒介，近年来，候鸟与家禽之间的寄生虫疾病传播规律已经成为研究的热点。同域生活的候鸟和家禽能够通过取食、饮水和排泄粪便等行为交互感染，造成寄生虫在“野鸟—家禽—野鸟—家禽”之间的反复传播。菜子湖和升金湖是雁鸭类水鸟重要的迁徙停歇地和越冬地，这种同域生活极大増加了寄生虫疾病的爆发和传播风险.本研究的只要结果如下：（1）对升金湖越冬小白额雁和同域家鸭粪便寄生虫检测和分析，结果表明，越冬小白额雁感染13种肠道寄生虫，感染率为67.4%；家鸭感染11种肠道寄生虫，感染率为70.1%。感染率最高的为球虫（Coccidea），其次为线虫（Nematode）和吸虫（Trematode），而绦虫（Cestode）的感染率最低。大多数阳性样本含有1种或2种寄生虫，含有1种寄生虫的样本最多，而含有4种寄生虫的样本最少。研究发现，升金湖越冬小白额雁与家鸭的寄生虫群落相似系数为0.43，具有高度的相似性。（2）获得白额雁体内雁艾美尔球虫属线粒体基因组全序列，并对艾美耳球虫属系统发生进行了分析，显示艾美球虫属的部分物种聚集成宿主特异性进化枝，但许多物种不遵循明确的协同进化宿主分离模式。（3）利用ITS基因序列鉴定出越冬白额雁体内3种艾美尔球虫并对其进行基因序列特征和部分物种的关系进行了分子系统学分析，证实了ITS基因序列可作为鸟类艾美尔球虫属鉴定可靠的遗传标记，支持艾美尔球虫为单起源观点。（4）对菜子湖越冬白额雁的肠道寄生线虫研究发现，两个湖泊中越冬白额雁肠道寄生线虫群落的组成结构相似，可能是由于食物来源相似、食性相似、栖息地环境类似等因素引起寄生虫间的交叉传播与感染导致。本研究初步掌握了升金湖越冬小白额雁和同域家鸭的肠道寄生虫的感染现状，为潜在的人禽共患病的公共卫生风险防控提供了基础数据。