我国检疫性子囊菌的专著性研究

The Chinese list of plant quarantine pests includes 130 fungi, of which, 83 species belonging to 52 genera are ascomycetes. The quarantine list and the associated quarantine techniques are, however, facing several critical problems. First of all, recent revolutionary changes in the taxonomy of fungi have resulted in numerous name changes, and many species have been reclassified, leading to lots of inaccurate name uses in the current quarantine list. Secondly, the type specimens of many species, especially those published in early years of taxonomic history, are either lost or failed to provide sufficient morphological and molecular data that can be used for identification. Thirdly, quarantine staffs often have to search diagnosis features from tremendous amount of literatures, and in many cases, such efforts turn out to be unsuccessful. They are in urgent need of a core and compositive reference that could provide reliable data to assist the daily diagnosis of the quarantine species. This project aims to solve above problems for all quarantine ascomycetous species, through morphological examination of the type specimens and ex-type cultures and determination of useful, type-derived DNA barcodes, as well as other useful characters in diagnosis. A monograph will be written based on above work, which not only bears significant scientific value, but also provides essential assistance to the quarantine staff to improve the accuracy and efficiency of their disease diagnoses and contributes significantly to the national biosecurity.

中国是遭受外来有害生物入侵最严重的国家之一。我国现行进境植物检疫性有害生物名录涉及菌物130种，含子囊菌52属83种。在实际检疫工作中常遇到以下几个问题：1.很多物种随着现代菌物分类学的发展已被重新划分，致使名录中存在大量物种名称不准确不规范的问题；2.早期发表的很多物种缺少模式标本，或模式标本不能提供足够的鉴定信息，导致检疫部门鉴定时无据可依；3.一线检疫人员极端缺乏可直接提供检疫物种形态特征、DNA条形码等核心鉴定信息的综合性资料。针对以上问题，本项目拟通过获取模式标本、指定注释/新模式、形态学和多基因序列分析等方法对检疫性子囊菌进行逐一梳理，确定正确物种名称，澄清系统演化关系，提供完整的形态学及病害特征，并给出可靠的DNA条码。在此基础上，编研《中国进境检疫性子囊菌鉴定手册》。这一工作不仅具有重要的科学价值，而且对提高检疫工作效率和准确性、保卫国门生物安全具有直接的促进作用。

我国现行进境植物检疫性有害生物名录涉及子囊菌83种。然而，许多检疫真菌缺乏模式标本、现代形态描述和可靠的DNA参考序列，且与近缘种种间关系不明确，极大阻碍了检测方法的研发，而且随着“一菌一名”原则和系统发育分析在分类修订中的实施，检疫名录中一些物种名称发生了变化。这不仅造成一线检疫人员无据可依，也是建设智慧海关、守护国门生物安全的关键瓶颈。本研究通过实地出访、国际数据合作、干制样品借阅等多种方式，对这些物种的现用名称、标准形态、寄主范围、地理分布、DNA条码、系统演化地位、典型病症等开展了全面专著性研究，发现48个物种的现用标准名称有待更新（其中23个已发表），为模式标本缺失和损毁的物种指定4个选模式、3个附加模式、2个新模式和5个凭证标本，更新了33个物种的形态特征描述、DNA条形码或基因组数据，为这些物种的检疫提供了最关键的参照，出版了检疫性子囊菌门座囊菌纲真菌物种检测鉴定的专著性论文。此外，总结回顾了2015-2017年全国口岸进境植物检疫性有害生物的截获情况，制定4项针对检疫种检测的国家和行业标准，申请国家发明专利2项。基于上述研究，在海关进境植物材料中首次成功截获检疫性真菌葡萄苦腐病菌、杜鹃花枯萎病菌等进境有害生物。本项目研究成果不仅为海关检验检疫部门提供了重要参考，对提高检疫工作效率和守卫国门安全具有直接的促进作用。