孤独症和正常儿童合作行为的发展及其前因与后果

Cooperation is central to human social life, especially meaningful to children's development. Cooperation often involves a tension between what is best for an individual and what is best for a group. A group does better when everybody cooperates, but each individual group member is tempted to defect, that is to say, reap the benefits of others' cooperation without paying the cost of cooperating oneself. Situations in which individual and collective benefits conflict are often investigated experimentally in social dilemmas,such as the prisoner's dilemma game. Antecedents,consequences and development of cooperative behavior in normally developing children and children with high function autism will be explored in the methods of laboratory observation, video analysis, laboratory experiment and eye tracking. 1) Classical prisoner's dilemma game and cooperative implemental tasks will be used to examine cooperaive behavior in normally developing 2-12 years old children and children with high function autism. 2) The impact of individual's internal social cognition (mainly refers to intention understanding in this study) and external punishment sanction on children's cooperative behavior will be examined in order to further figure out the antecedents of cooperation.Eye tracking technique will be used to examine children's process of decision-making by analyzing the information search model. 3) In order to make known the consequences of cooperation on children's prosocial behavior, the promotion of preschool and school-age children's cooperative activities to sharing behavior will be investigated in the problem-solving apparatus. This study will contribute to figure out the development, antecedents and consequences of cooperative behavior in children with autism and normally developing children, to enrich the understanding of children's cooperation theoretically, and to provide further empirical evidences on strategical behaviors in social dilemma and theoretical debates about whether punish would promote cooperation. Moreover, this study will provide practical implications to cultivate and promote prosocial behavior of children with autism and normally developing children.

合作是人类社会生活的核心，对儿童的发展有重要的意义。本项目拟采用实验室观察法、录像分析、实验室实验法和眼动追踪技术来探讨孤独症和正常儿童合作行为的发展规律及其前因与后果。具体研究：1）拟采用经典的囚徒困境范式和合作性工具考察2-12岁正常儿童和高功能孤独症儿童的合作行为；2）将从个体内在的社会认知能力（主要指意图理解）和外在的制度惩罚两个方面考察儿童合作行为的影响因素（前因），并用眼动技术对信息搜索模型进行分析从而考察儿童的决策过程；3）将在问题解决任务中探讨合作对学前和学龄儿童公平行为的促进效应（后果）。预期的研究结果将有助于全面了解儿童合作行为的发展规律，并深入揭示儿童合作行为的前因与后果，从理论上将进一步丰富对儿童合作行为的认识，并为行为经济学两难情境中的策略行为和惩罚是否促进合作的理论争论提供证据；从实践上有助于为培养和促进孤独症和正常儿童的多种亲社会行为提供一定的启示和指导。

本项目围绕“孤独症和正常儿童合作行为的发展规律及其前因与后果”，开展了一系列的研究。主要的研究内容和结果如下：.一、考察了高功能孤独症与正常儿童合作行为的发展及其影响因素（前因）.1) 采用囚徒困境和工具性任务考察了孤独症和正常儿童的合作行为，结果发现高功能孤独症儿童在对认知能力有不同要求的合作任务中的表现不同。高功能孤独症儿童在更侧重策略推理的囚徒困境中的合作行为与正常儿童没有差异，但在工具性任务中表现出比正常儿童更低水平的合作行为。这项研究对于我们了解孤独症儿童的积极方面（如亲社会行为）提供重要的新视角。.2) 考察了社会性和非社会性缺损对高功能孤独症儿童合作行为的影响，结果发现高功能孤独症儿童确实存在社会性缺损，而且不同类型的缺损会影响高功能孤独症儿童不同类型的合作行为。它提示我们在临床上通过训练提高孤独症儿童的心理理论和执行功能水平能够促进他们的合作行为，从而有助于孤独症儿童更好地适应社会。.3) 考察了他人的道德品质对孤独症儿童合作行为的影响，结果发现高功能孤独症儿童比正常儿童有更为严格的道德标准。但是对手的道德特征（好孩子和坏孩子）并没有影响孤独症儿童的合作行为。该成果有助于我们进一步了解孤独症儿童的社会认知与社会行为之间的联系。.4) 考察了惩罚对孤独症儿童合作行为的影响，结果发现高功能孤独症儿童能正确认识到坏行为应该受到惩罚。惩罚能促进孤独症儿童在囚徒困境中的合作行为。该项研究为惩罚对孤独症儿童临床行为矫正的效果评估提供了证据支持。.二、考察了合作对儿童公平行为的促进（后果）.开展了实验研究探讨了合作对儿童公平行为的促进效应。分别考察了合作和非合作情境下他人需求对儿童公平分配行为的影响。结果发现合作确实能促进年幼儿童的公平分配行为，而且合作参与程度和他人的需求会共同作用从而影响儿童的公平分配行为。该项研究有助于我们进一步认识到合作行为的对其它亲社会行为的促进效应，提示合作行为的重要意义和作用。