防晒霜中的紫外隔离化学物质进入水生环境的光降解过程及联合毒性分析

Ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds are increasingly used in personal-care products (e.g., sunscreen, lipsticks, shampoos and hair sprays) as a result of growing concern about exposure to sunlight causing skin cancer. It is estimated that 10,000 tons of UV filters are produced annually for the global market. Owing to their widespread usage and large annual production quantities, they have been detected in the environment and bodies of various organisms, indicating to interfere with endocrine function and to produce other potential toxic effects. Until now, the study in the environmental toxicity of UV filters is still rare in China. Therefore, this work aims to work on the chemistry and ecotoxicity of UV filters in three aspects: (1) to study their environmental photodegradation process, especially pathways, products molecular structures and ecotoxicity, (2) to explore their bioaccumulation process and influence to aquatic organism along food chain, (3) to reveal mixture toxic effects of UV filters at their environmental levels to fish embryo and larvae development at their sensitive life stage by using molecular biology, ecotoxicity and chemical analysis. The result of this work will provide valuable data to environmental risk assessment in UV filters and their regulation as well as treatment.

随着人们对紫外暴露对皮肤危害的日益认识，防紫外线护肤产品（如防晒霜、唇膏、洗发水和发胶）的生产量和使用量日益增加。近期研究表明，全球紫外隔离产品的年生产量为10,000吨，其残留物广泛存在于环境中，而且对水生环境造成潜在的危害，尤其表现为显著的内分泌干扰作用。然而，我国对该类化学物质的环境毒性研究甚少。因此，本申请把这些护肤品紫外隔离化学物质的环境毒性作为研究对象，（1）研究紫外隔离化学品的环境降解过程，特别是光解途径及其降解产物的环境毒性，（2）探讨这些紫外隔离化学物质在水生食物链上的浓缩过程和浓缩效应，（3）利用分子生物学、毒理学和化学手段，揭示多种紫外隔离化学物质对处于敏感阶段的鱼类鱼卵、幼鱼早期发育的联合毒性。本研究将能够为紫外隔离化学物质对环境的影响评价和污染物处理提供重要科学依据。

广泛使用的紫外隔离化学物质-防晒霜的有效成分-已经造成该类物质不仅存在于不同环境介质中，而且不同生物体内也检测到该类化学物质的存在。本项目首次检测并报道了中国深圳沿海海域、城市用水以及储水库中9种不同紫外隔离化学物质夏冬两季的浓度分布，其含量在多个采样点都检测到较高水平；同时，利用斑马鱼为生物模型，进一步评价紫外隔离化学物质通过食物链和水体暴露对水生环境的影响。首先，我们将丰年虾暴露于3种主要检测到的紫外隔离化学物质的混合浓度中，然后将丰年虾投食于成年斑马鱼，我们发现无论是丰年虾还是成年斑马鱼体内，通过混合物质的暴露其检测到的实际体内浓度是通过单一化合物暴露所检测浓度的4倍。其次，成年斑马鱼通过丰年虾暴露于紫外隔离化学物质25天后，其下一代鱼卵的早期发育并未受到显著影响；然而，持续将成年斑马鱼暴露47天后，二代鱼卵发育受到显著的抑制作用。随后，我们将健康鱼卵直接暴露于含有多种紫外隔离化学物质的水体中，随着暴露浓度的增加，鱼卵的心跳和孵化率都呈现降低趋势，同时鱼卵分子生物水平上的过氧化氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的活性也发生了显著的变化。最后，我们探讨了3-亚苄基樟脑（3-benzylidene camphor, 3-BC）的环境降解行为，并初步开展了降解产物的环境影响评价。