泥蜂物种多样性演化与生态环境变迁之间关系的研究

The natural enemy sphecid wasp belongs to Sphecidae of Apoidea. Most of its species have large body and some are the largest predatory wasps, which also have the large population and wide distribution. The sphecid wasps are very ferocious as predators and very sensitive to the changes of ecological environment, just like the “tiger” and “lion” in higher animal. While the natural environment is slightly contaminated or destroyed, many wasp species disappear; otherwise the species reemerge again along with the environmental restoration. In addition, in the long history evolution, the sphecid wasps evolved the special and complicated biological characteristics and surroundings adaptability, and took direct effect on the pest population control with important ecological function. At present, no report about the relationship between the change of species diversity of Sphecidae and the ecological environment is presented in the world. Basing on the superiority of advantaged geographical environment and biological resources in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province as well as the preliminary research basis, The research content and object of this project are: systemic research on the essence difference and evolutionary mechanisms of wasp species diversity in the different ecological environment, key ecological factor affecting the essence difference, biological characteristics and ecological characteristic of the wasp population, and wasp surrounding adaptability, and so on, and to explore the function and method of sphecid wasp as indicators of eco-environment quality and recovery degree, as well as to propose the protection measures of the endangered species. This project has the important theory value and practice significance in meeting the national needs of the construction and development of ecological civilization, and disciplinary development direction of the pest ecological control and conservation biology.

泥蜂隶属膜翅目蜜蜂总科泥蜂科，种类多、分布广，是一类个体最大的捕猎性大蜂类昆虫，生性凶猛，类似高等动物中的一群“老虎、狮子”，对生态环境变化的反映极其敏感，自然环境略遭污染或破坏则许多泥蜂种类消失，环境恢复则泥蜂再度出现。另外，泥蜂进化出独特而复杂的生物学特性及生态环境适应性，对害虫起到直接自然控制作用，具有重要的生态功能。目前国际上尚无泥蜂物种多样性与生态环境关系方面的研究报道。本项目立足于云南西双版纳得天独厚的地理环境和生物多样性资源优势，在前期研究基础上，系统开展泥蜂物种多样性在不同生态环境中本质差异和演化规律及其影响的关键生态因子、主要种群生物学特性和生态学特征、生态环境适应性等系列研究，探索泥蜂作为生态环境恢复质量指示物的作用和方法以及濒危泥蜂物种保护措施，符合生态文明建设与发展的国家需求，符合害虫生态治理及保护生物学等学科发展方向，体现了重要的研究价值和实践意义。

泥蜂是一类重要的捕猎性昆虫，在自然界对害虫起到直接控制作用，同时也是一类传粉昆虫，具有重要的生态功能；泥蜂对环境变化反应极其敏感，其类群和种类的变化与生态环境变化关系密切，可作为重要的环境指示生物。项目组于2018-2021年在云南西双版纳傣族自治州勐海县布朗山地区和勐仑县西双版纳热带植物园等地的原始森林区、生态恢复区、农业生产区和热带雨林区等4类逐渐过渡的生态区中选取7个生态调查区，采用观察法、扫网网捕、黄盘诱集、马氏网诱捕等方法进行定期定点定路线周年系统调查，对泥蜂物种多样性与生态环境协同演化、天敌泥蜂保护和利用及泥蜂作为生态环境指示物的作用和价值进行研究。研究结果明确了西双版纳调查区不同生态环境中泥蜂类群和种类及个体数量组成及其在不同生境中的本质差异；泥蜂物种多样性随生境的改变而明显变化。明确了不同生态环境中泥蜂群落多样性特征指数、泥蜂属种和个体数量及群落特征的时序动态和季节变化规律以及不同生境中泥蜂群落组成和特征的相互关系，明确了影响其时空动态和变化规律的关键生态因子。查明了泥蜂群落相似性处于极不相似与中等不相似水平，说明适应不同生境的泥蜂属种组成差异甚大。搞清了不同生境泥蜂特有种、优势种及猎物类群，优势类群与生境的关系及随时间变化规律。提出了对不同生境健康状况有指示作用的泥蜂17个监测物种和21个指示物种，列出19个泥蜂濒危物种名录，并提出保护建议措施。研究结果达到了预期目标，为天敌泥蜂资源保护利用、环境保护、害虫生物防治和生态治理及保护生物学的研究提供依据，具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。