多孔贵金属纳米片层催化剂的制备与催化性能研究

Noble metals such as Pt, Au, Ag and its alloy, because of its unique electronic structure and optical properties, and stability and so on, has been seen as a series of promising catalysts. The development of nanomaterials with excellent performance in catalysis is very significant for the current international energy crisis and urban environmental pollution. In this project, we use array of active metals (Cd and Zn) nanosheets as a template to prepare the array of porous noble metal nanosheets through the galvanic replacement reaction, testing its catalytic performance, expounds the intrinsic correlation between the catalytic activity and the morphology, crystal structure, crystallinity, crystal orientation, alloying degree, determine the key factors of influence on catalytic performance, study the catalytic mechanism systematically. Finally, we try to develop a new method for preparing catalyst with high performance and high stability.

贵金属如Pt、Ag、Au及其合金等，因其独特的电子结构、光学特性、及稳定性等，使其成为一类优良的催化剂，多年来一直是催化领域的研究热点。开发催化性能优良的纳米材料对解决当前国际能源危机及城市空气污染等具有很重大的研究意义。本项目利用活泼的金属Cd和Zn纳米片阵列为模板，通过金属置换工艺合成出多孔贵金属纳米片阵列，测试其催化性能，阐明本征催化活性与材料的形貌、晶体结构、结晶度、晶面取向、合金化程度等参数的内在关联性，确定影响催化剂催化性能的关键因素，系统研究其催化机理，发展一种能够制备高性能、高稳定性催化剂的方法。

氢能作为一种优越的清洁能源，是国家发展战略的重要支柱。电催化分解水制氢是获取氢能的一种主要方式，且变得越来越重要。目前Pt族贵金属仍然是最稳定和高效的电催化制氢的催化剂，这大大限制了电解水技术的大规模应用。因此开发高性能非Pt金属催化剂具有重要的战略意义。本项目针这一关键科学问题，开发了一系列高性能廉价金属催化剂：制备了超薄Zn/ZnS纳米片，获得了优异的电催化还原CO2性能；获得了具有导电性能的氮化硼载体，有效提升了Ir催化剂的稳定性和催化活性；获得了与商用Pt/C相媲美的Ag催化剂，实现了Ag在催化产氢中的变废为宝；实现了难混溶金属单原子合金的制备，获得了优于商用Pt/C的催化性能，为设计高性能催化剂奠定了理论和实验基础，从而为电解水技术的大规模应用铺平了道路。