农户生计分化视角下农村宅基地转型及其功能量化研究：以黄淮海农区典型村庄为例

It is of great significance to study the mechanisms of rural housing land transition and function preference based on the farmers’ livelihood division. It is conducive to the intensive land use and citizenship in China’s urbanization process. In this project, we will choose several typical villages of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain as study areas. Methods and models, such as the parcel survey, systematic analysis and model evaluation, are used intensively and creatively to analyze the different behavior of rural housing land use and the function preference among several types of livelihood farmers. To sum up, the purpose of this project is to summarize the law of rural housing transformation in the perspective of quantity, location, ownership and use efficiency. In order to find out the function preference of rural house between different types of livelihood farmers and quantity the value of it, the project diagnosis the mechanism between different livelihood farmers, rural housing land transition and function evaluation. Based on the research mentioned above, we will be able to provide some policy recommendations on rural housing land consolidation and compensation mechanism. Combined with theoretical analysis and empirical research, this paper systematical reveals the interaction and mechanism between subject behavior and land use according to the macro household survey. We hope that the implementation of this project would serve its purpose as providing theoretical and scientific basis for new urbanization and beautiful country building.

开展农户生计分化对宅基地转型及功能偏好的影响机理研究，对于集约节约利用乡村土地和助推乡村人口市民化具有重要意义。本项目着眼于乡村人地关系变化的新趋势，以黄淮海平原农区典型村庄为案例区，集成与创新宗地调研、系统分析和模型评估等方法，厘清基于农户生计的村庄人地关系类型，反演宅基地“数量-空间-权属-使用效率”四个维度的转型规律，诊断农户生计分化-农村宅基地转型-宅基地功能分化之间的作用机制和传导效应，探明基于农户生计分化视角的宅基地功能偏好，并量化宅基地分解功能的价值，提出不同人地关系类型下的宅基地整治路径以及补偿机制。项目突出微观农户生计分化视角的宅基地利用行为及功能偏好研究，注重理论分析与实证研究相结合，系统阐释“主体分化-土地利用转型-功能量化”的交互关系及作用机理，提出优化调控的可行性路径，可为新时期推进新型城镇化与美丽乡村建设提供理论基础和科学依据。

改革开放以来，中国农村经济社会结构明显变化。随着长期外出务工人员规模持续增加，农村地区出现大量“人走屋空”现象，而以宅基地闲置为表征的土地低效利用尤为明显。而农村宅基地闲置带来土地资源浪费、村庄景观破败、基础设施配套困难、农民和农村集体财产权益难以实现等负效应，不利于农业农村的现代化和乡村振兴战略实现。开展农户生计分化对宅基地转型及功能偏好的影响机理研究，对于集约节约利用乡村土地和助推乡村人口市民化具有重要意义。本项目综合遥感解译、宗地调查和入户问卷调查方法，解析了土地利用转型及宅基地转型的概念内涵及特征，剖析了中国农村宅基地使用效率为标准的转型及成因分析，测度了黄淮海典型村庄宅基地时空演化特征及整治潜力，识别和量化了农村宅基地功能，梳理总结了全国各地宅基地整治模式，并提出优化路径。研究发现，农村宅基地数量扩张程度日益剧烈, 2000年以前调研村庄的宅基地空间扩张模式以飞地式为主，2000年后被填充式和蔓延式所取代。调研村庄宅基地闲置现象普遍，2018年闲置程度平均为10.7%。长期外出务工、城镇有住房、 “一户多宅”、宅基地损毁引起宅基地闲置的成因占比依次下降。农村宅基地闲置受乡村地域内外宏微观因素综合影响，经济增长和城镇化引起的就业非农化、人口市民化是宅基地闲置的直接动因，现行城乡二元制度和宅基地管理制度是宅基地闲置的根本原因。基于两套退出标准方案的宅基地整治可分别节约26%和36%的村庄居住用地，但均与理论潜力存在较大差距。宅基地所承担的居住保障功能先于社会保障功能。针对农村土地整治,建议科学诊断农村土地整治时空分序推进规律,创新农村宅基地功能补偿机制。研究结论可为新时期推进乡村振兴战略提供理论基础和科学依据。