农户可持续生计视角下我国乡村旅游精准扶贫研究——以武陵山区凤凰县为例

Peasant household is the main participant of rural tourism as well as the object of rural poverty alleviation. It is of great significance to probe into implementation performance, differentiation mechanism, and regulation approach of poverty alleviation of rural tourism from the perspective of livelihood of peasant household. This project, through taking Fenghuang County in Wuling mountainous area for example and using multidisciplinary theories and methods like qualitative analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM), and spatial econometrics, establishes an analytical framework for poverty alleviation of rural tourism based on sustainable livelihood, reveals evolution characteristics of development of rural tourism and transformation of livelihood of peasant household, evaluates impact of rural tourism on livelihood of peasant household as well as comprehensive performance of poverty alleviation, diagnoses features of how different types of peasant household perceiving influence of tourism and micro mechanism of peasant household playing a part in rural tourism, analyzes factors that prevent tourism from becoming sustainable livelihood strategies for different kinds of peasant household, and then obtains mode and policy mechanism of targeted poverty alleviation of rural tourism. The project grasps the basic fact that currently rural tourism in some regions only has limited effect on poverty alleviation because of neglecting requirements of peasant household, emphasizes that the essence of targeted poverty alleviation of rural tourism is the process of enhancing ability and improving earnings of peasant household livelihood for tourism, and realizes the organic connection between micro behavioral decision and macro poverty-alleviation performance, which cannot only richen the disciplinary field of vision and technological means of human geography, but also provide reference for decision making of tourism development in depressed areas.

农户是乡村旅游的参与主体与农村扶贫的目标对象。从农户生计视角探寻乡村旅游扶贫的实施绩效、微观机理与模式策略，对于实现乡村旅游精准扶贫具有重要意义。本项目以武陵山区凤凰县为例，应用质性分析、结构方程模型、空间计量等多学科理论方法，构建基于可持续生计的乡村旅游扶贫分析框架，揭示乡村旅游发展与农户生计转型的演进特征，评估乡村旅游的农户生计影响与扶贫综合绩效，诊断不同类型农户对旅游影响的感知特征与农户参与乡村旅游的微观机理，分析旅游作为不同类型农户可持续生计策略的制约因素，进而提炼乡村旅游精准扶贫模式与政策机制。项目抓住当前部分地区乡村旅游因忽视农户需求而扶贫效果有限这一基本事实，强调乡村旅游精准扶贫本质是农户响应旅游需求、调整生计策略、增强生计能力、改善生计结果的过程，实现微观行为决策与宏观扶贫绩效的有机衔接，既可丰富人文地理学的学科视野与技术手段，也可为贫困地区旅游发展决策提供参考。

农户是乡村旅游的参与主体与农村扶贫的目标对象，从农户生计视角探寻乡村旅游扶贫的实施绩效、微观机理与模式策略，对于实现乡村旅游精准扶贫具有重要意义。本研究立足国家精准扶贫的实践要求，选择湖南省凤凰县为案例区，梳理了基于可持续生计的乡村旅游扶贫分析框架，探索了乡村振兴新形势下旅游精准扶贫助推贫困地区乡村发展的困境和出路，建立了案例区乡村旅游发展和精准扶贫的基础数据库，分析了案例区乡村旅游发展与农户生计转型的演变，评估了案例区乡村旅游的农户生计影响与扶贫综合绩效，挖掘了案例区乡村旅游扶贫中农户参与的影响因素与内在机理，剖析了全域旅游战略下案例区旅游发展模型，设计了案例区旅游精准扶贫模式和路径。主要结果如下,一是综合分析案例区旅游发展及其综合影响，发现旅游发展与县域经济增长、产业结构升级等的关联性较为紧密，与乡村居民生活的改善关联性较弱，旅游发展的综合带动效应有待进一步挖潜；二是分析了乡村旅游发展对农户生计能力和生计结果的改善程度，研究发现案例区贫困地区农户认为旅游发展有利于增加本村打工机会、经营机会、家庭收入；有利于改善交通条件、医疗和教育设施、社区环境和治安状况；有利于提升村民能力和素质、民族文化、乡村民风与传统美德等，但对收入分配、环境保护仍有潜在风险；三是甄选14个典型村落进行了深度调研，发现案例区农户迫切希望通过乡村旅游发展脱贫致富，参与旅游及相关产业生产和经营的意愿非常高，但农户和村集体在政府和企业面前相对弱势，面临土地、能力、技术、资金等方面的发展瓶颈。四是结合中国扶贫开发的主要模式与典型经验，设计以农户为核心、各参与主体利益相协调的旅游精准扶贫模式，重点考虑政策公平性、农户受益、二次分配等配套政策，切实增强农户长期可持续发展能力和提升农户的获得感、满意度和幸福感。课题资助发表论文四篇，出版专著一部，提交咨询报告一份。