乡村地域贫困类型及其分异机制研究

The regional system of human-land relationship is the core of geography. Rural regional poverty and its targeted poverty alleviation has become as an important frontier problem for geography oriented to national strategic demand in the new period. In the middle of the 1980s, rural poverty and antipoverty strategies have become one of the themes of the geography research. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the country has formulated and implemented the targeted poverty alleviation strategy in an all-round way, it provides a new opportunity for the geography to give full play to its comprehensive and systematic advantages and serve the national strategy for poverty alleviation and development, and to study on the types of rural poverty and its differentiation mechanism as well as the model of poverty reduction in different types of regions. Guided by the theory of human-land relationship regional system, taking the country as the research unit, 3S technology, field investigation and econometric model simulation will be used to build up the integrated rural poverty measurement model, diagnose and identify the geographic poverty areas and its patterns, depict the types of rural poverty and their spatial distribution characteristics, simulate the process and pattern of rural poverty and reveal its spatial differentiation mechanism, explore the path and model of scientific poverty reduction and regional cooperative development in different types of areas, and design the system guarantee system of the problem-oriented scientific poverty reduction and regional cooperative development. These findings will help deepen the scientific cognition of the mechanism of poverty, enrich the theory of poverty geography and innovating the simulation evaluation method of poverty, and provide the decision-making support for the realization of the organic cohesion between the targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization strategies in the new period, and promote the urban-rural integration.

地理学以人地关系地域系统为研究核心，中国乡村地域贫困化及其精准扶贫成为新时期地理学面向国家战略需求的重要前沿问题。从20世纪80年代中期，农村贫困问题与减贫战略成为地理学研究的主题之一。十八大以来国家全面实施精准扶贫，为地理学充分发挥综合性、系统性优势，服务国家脱贫攻坚战略，开展贫困地域类型、分异机制和不同类型区减贫模式系统研究提供了新机遇。项目以人地关系地域系统理论为指导，运用3S技术、实地调查、计量模型模拟等方法，研究建立县域乡村综合贫困测度模型，诊断识别乡村贫困地域类型与格局，揭示乡村贫困化演进规律及其分异机制，探究不同类型区的减贫路径、协同发展模式与保障体系。研究成果将深化贫困发生机制科学认知、丰富贫困地理理论、创新模拟评估方法，为推进新时期我国精准脱贫和乡村振兴战略的有机衔接提供科学依据，推动城乡一体化发展。

贫困始终是困扰世界各国发展的全球性重大问题。中国作为世界上曾经贫困问题最为突出的发展中国家，在不到40年时间里，中国全面消除了绝对贫困，创造了人类反贫困史上的“中国奇迹”。与其他发展中国家一样，贫困人口主要分布在农村地区，研究中国乡村贫困形成机理及地域类型，及不同类型区减贫路径、成功经验和典型模式对于指导发展中国家适时调整反贫困战略具有重要科学价值。本项目的主要研究内容是识别乡村贫困地域类型，刻画乡村贫困地理格局，揭示乡村贫困化分异机制，探明不同类型区的减贫路径与经验模式。围绕研究内容，本项目取得了5方面的重要进展：一是结合中国反贫困实践，提出了贫困地域系统理论和分层协同扶贫理论，深化了贫困和反贫困理论的科学认知。二是从县域和村域尺度刻画了中国乡村贫困地理格局分布格局及其分异特征，初步把我国乡村地域贫困类型划分为灾害驱动型、地方病驱动型、生态环境退化驱动型、生态保护约束型和粮食生产约束型等5种类型，并提出了不同类型区差异化的反贫困举措；还发现我国村域贫困化具有明显的垂直分异特征和坡度分异特征，在空间上呈现出1个一级核心区、5个二级核心区、7个三级核心区。三是基于长期固定点观察与实践，探明了土地综合整治助推贫困地区脱贫富民与乡村振兴的作用机理和实现路径，发现通过创新土地利用政策，土地综合整治能有效破解了贫困地区发展面临的缺土地、缺资金、缺技术、缺人才“四缺”困境，促进乡村产业发展，促进就业与增收，推动脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接。四是测度了经济增长、公共投资、交通基础设施、驻村帮扶等反贫困措施的减贫效应，提出了保障脱贫农户可持续生计的理论框架。五是从系统论“要素-结构-功能”视角剖析了乡村发展不充分的根源，研制了中国乡村地域类型的区划方案，初步明确了不同类型区乡村振兴的着力点和振兴对策。研究结果有望为国家巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接提供理论依据和决策支持。