多糖基多孔碳纳米材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

As renewable raw materials, polysaccharides are often used as sustainable precursors for production of porous carbon and related materials. However, the currently effective synthetic methods and strategies suffer from the drawbacks of either low carbon conversion or large amount of solvent and high drying technical required. Therefore, the development of solvent-free, simple method with high yield for the production of polysaccharide-based porous carbon is in great demand. In this project, polysaccharide-derived (heteroatom doped) porous carbon and its nanocomposites will be synthesized by a solvent-free two-step carbonization-activation method. The morphology, structure and composition of the prepared materials will be characterized and their super capacitance and electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction will be tested. Several factors influencing on the surface area, pore structure, surface and interfacial property, and conductivity will be explored in detail, such as the type and amount of carbon precursors, catalytic activators and doping agent, reaction temperature and time. The relationship between the structure and the electrochemical performance will be established. And the polysaccharide-based porous carbon nano materials with high electrochemical performance will be obtained.

作为一类可再生的天然有机物，多糖常作为环境友好的碳源制备多孔碳及其相关材料。然而，目前文献报道的制备方法通常产率较低，而且绝大多数均需使用溶剂，干燥技术要求高。因此，开发一种无溶剂、简单、高产率的制备多糖基多孔碳材料的方法是非常有必要的。本项目拟以多糖为碳前驱体，采用无溶剂的两步碳化活化法制备高产率的多糖基多孔碳、杂原子掺杂多孔碳及其复合电极材料，表征材料的形貌、结构和组成并测试其超级电容及电催化氧还原性能。深入探讨多糖、催化活化剂和杂原子源的种类和含量、反应温度和时间等因素对材料的比表面积、孔结构、表/界面组成和性质、导电性的影响规律，明确材料结构与其电化学性能间的关系，获得电化学性能优异的多糖基多孔碳纳米材料。

当前多孔碳电极材料的研究已取得了长足进步，然而在制备方法创新、结构-性能关联等方面仍缺乏突破。本项目以环境友好的多糖为碳前驱体，采用无溶剂的两步碳化活化法制备出系列（杂原子掺杂）多孔碳及其复合电极材料，表征了材料的形貌、组成和结构并测试了其超级电容和电催化氧还原性能，建立了一种以多糖为前驱体制备多孔碳纳米材料的新方法，总结了多糖类型、催化活化剂种类和含量、碳化温度等因素对材料的形貌、组成和结构以及最终电化学性能的影响规律，获得了几种电化学性能优异的多糖基多孔碳纳米材料。此外，还利用多糖易于凝胶化的特点制备了几种多糖凝胶电解质，并成功应用于柔性超级电容器和锌-空气电池。该项目研究结果可为开发高性能碳电极材料提供新途径，也可为制备多糖凝胶电解质提供参考。