基于损害导向的污水处理环境影响机理及工艺优化调控研究

Even though the existing wastewater treatment processes (WTPs) can effectively remove detrimental substances from wastewater, they are facing challenges in terms of enhanced energy consumption, increased excess sludge production, and elevated greenhouse gas emission. Consequently, reduction of overall environmental footprint will be a new benchmark for future design and optimization of WTPs. According to the previous outcomes, the transfer and transformation pathways of contaminants in WTPs will significantly affect the operation energy needs, by which environmental emissions of WTPs will also be influenced. To this end, the objective of this project is to change the long-held assessment concept that focus on the effectiveness of pollutant removal, and to clarify the environmental impacts of WTPs and propose optimization strategies for process regulation based on a damage-oriented method. First and the foremost, a novel damage-oriented assessment scheme for WTPs is established with relevant quantitative estimate indicators. Subsequently, a typical anaerobic/anoxic/oxic integrated system fed with municipal wastewater is used to lay the foundation for further investigations. Then, the dynamic effect of pollutant transfer and transformation on the variations of both material and energy flows in the wastewater treatment system will be analyzed through combination of numerical simulation and laboratory research methods. Further, the mechanisms and endpoint effects of the wastewater treatment system on the environment are illustrated. Moreover, the key factors that generate significant environmental impacts will be also identified. Finally, a set of optimization strategies for WTPs will be proposed toward minimization of adverse environmental effects. Overall, this project will provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for research on innovative environmental-friendly wastewater treatment technologies and principles.

既有的污水处理工艺能有效去除污水中的污染物，但也出现了能耗高、剩余污泥量大和温室气体排放等环境问题，降低环境影响是污水处理工艺设计与优化的必然趋势。分析发现，污水处理过程中污染物的迁移行为和去除方式对能量需求的差异很大，对工艺系统的环境释放也有影响。为此，本项目将改变目前以除污效能为主的工艺评价理念，开展基于损害导向的污水处理环境影响机理及工艺优化调控研究。具体内容包括：建立面向环境效应链末端的污水处理评估新框架及量化指标，结合实验室研究与计算模拟手段，以污水中的有机物、氮和磷为目标污染物，以厌氧/缺氧/好氧组合工艺为研究主体，分析污水处理过程中污染物的迁移转化对工艺系统物质流和能量流演变规律的影响，阐明污水处理对环境的作用机理与末端效应，揭示产生显著环境影响的关键因子，提出基于环境影响最小化的污水处理工艺优化调控策略。本项目旨在为环境友好型污水处理新工艺及新原理的研究提供科学的理论依据。

传统污水处理工艺能够有效去除污水中的污染物，但也出现了能耗高、剩余污泥量大和温室气体排放等生态环境问题，降低环境影响是污水处理工艺设计与优化的必然趋势。为此，本项目改变目前以除污效能为主的工艺评价理念，开展基于损害导向的污水处理环境影响机理及工艺优化调控研究。通过一系列的深入探索和创新研究，本项目获得如下主要创新成果：（1）提出以“净环境效益”作为评价城市污水处理厂对环境影响的终点指标，构建了节能、低碳和资源循环利用的污水处理多目标评估新框架，利用大数据方法，通过对全球52个国家近20年的基础数据进行规律挖掘与动态拟合，建立了评估指标权重的时序模型，成功估算了发达国家与发展中国家污水处理模式革新的环境可持续潜力，为管理者提供了可信度高、便于指导污水处理改革的决策信息与高效工具，研究成果已在《美国科学院院刊（PNAS）》等国际顶级学术刊物上发表，该成果的累计下载量已近2万次，被Nature Reviews Materials、Energy Environmental Science等顶级刊物引用，还得到了中国科学院“科研进展”栏目、中国科学报等多家媒体报道，得到了学术圈、工业界和普通大众的持续关注；（2）从能量流动与物质循环的角度，利用大数据与可视化手段，成功解析了传统污水处理工艺群的生命周期环境足迹，并通过实例研究为我国北方地区污水处理厂的清洁生产与优化升级提供了决策方案，成果发表在Journal of Cleaner Production等国际著名学术刊物上；（3）以污水有机碳源的迁移转化为定向调控手段，发明了环境影响最小化的污水处理与资源回收集成新工艺，并对关键单元开展机制研究与优化，实现了水-碳-氮-磷的深度回收，研究成果发表在Water Research、Scientific Reports、Bioresource Technology等国际高影响力刊物上，为污水资源化利用提供了新思路与新方法，受到了国际同行的高度认可。