基于时空行为视角的城市小学服务圈规划模式研究

China has entered a new era of urbanization that emphasizes the optimization of urban spatial structure and the improvement of urban residents’ living quality. Each household picks up and drops off kids one or two times per day. The spatial distribution of primary school puts notable constraints on parents, and it is also closely related to parents’ workplace and the location of their home. As a result, primary school is a significant public service facility, affecting the living quality of each household. In the context of China’s urbanization, the spatial distribution is remarkably imbalanced, the planning primary school service circle does not match to its actual service area , and with different urban primary schools, the land use organization and land use characteristics in service areas appear bigger differences. This thesis take primary schools in Xi’an as examples to conduct empirical research in the perspective of spatial behavior, aiming to grasp the travel behavior characteristics of urban households, analysing how the built environment surround schools affect households travel behavior and their primary school choice decisions, exploring the planning model of urban primary school service circle with households demand oriented. The specific research includes the methods of defining the service circle of urban primary school, accessibility evaluation system of walkable and bus travel reachable urban primary school , land use organization model for urban primary school service circle ,school scale dynamic adjustment methods based on land in service circle ,etc. Hoping to arise some new ideas to the methods of improving spatial equilibrium configuration of compulsory education facilities.

中国已进入到注重城市空间结构优化以及居民生活质量提升的新型城镇化发展阶段。城市小学家庭每日发生1-2次接送行为，对接送家长的制约明显，小学布局与家庭居住地和工作地的联系紧密，因此城市小学是影响家庭日常生活质量的重要城市公共服务设施。城镇化发展背景下，城市小学空间分布不均衡性显著，小学规划服务半径与实际家庭出行服务范围并不匹配，不同城市小学，其服务范围内用地组织与用地特征呈现较大的差异性。本课题从空间行为角度，以西安市城市小学为例展开实证研究，把握城市小学家庭行为特征，分析城市小学周边建成环境对小学家庭出行决策的影响机制，探索家庭需求导向的城市小学服务圈规划模式，具体包含城市小学服务圈划定方法，支持家庭步行和公交出行的城市小学可达性评价体系，城市小学服务圈用地组织模式，以及基于城市小学服务圈用地的城市小学规模动态调整方法等。希望对完善义务教育设施空间均衡配置方法提供新思路。

我国城市小学是在步行可达范围内的居住小区级服务设施。城市小学占地大，服务时间长，空间覆盖面广，一旦建成较难改变。随着城市发展，城市小学“住-教”空间联系模式和空间机会模式发生较大变化，家庭通学出行的时空距离差异化显著；城市小学周围建成环境的结构、规模和形态也在日益变化，城市小学与其服务范围内的用地布局关系也较之建成之初有很大变化，难以满足不断变化的家庭出行需求。通过对家庭通学出行特征、通学出行时空特征、基于通学行为的城市小学服务圈建成环境指标体系、西安市城市小学服务圈布局特征、城市小学服务圈布局模式和策略等方面的研究，得出以下结论：与标准规范的城市小学500m服务半径相比，城市小学通学出行的特征发生了变化，呈现出需要家长陪伴、时空距离增大、时空稳定、机动化、多频次等特征；运用时间地理学的时空棱柱描述方法以及三大制约方法，揭示了通学出行时空特征；构建了基于通学行为的城市小学服务圈建成环境指标体系；剖析了西安市城市小学服务圈布局特征及问题；提出了城市小学服务圈布局模式以及既有和新建西安市城市小学服务圈布局策略，等等。基于家庭通学出行的城市小学服务圈布局研究，是时空行为理论在城市教育设施规划的应用研究，也是针对完善城市小学空间配置、优化城市微观空间组织做出的基础研究。通过对城市小学服务圈建成环境的调整与优化，可提高家庭通学出行效率，增加儿童的体力活动与社会交往机会，缓解机动车接送对学校附近交通带来的拥堵与混乱问题，降低工作家长接送儿童的时空压力。另外，通过城市小学服务圈服务水平提升，一定程度上抑制择校冲动，促进教育空间布局均衡。从而提高新型城镇化发展质量。