基于个体时空行为的城市公共服务消费空间、社会剥夺与规划调控研究

It is a basic trend of nowadays Chinese policy system construction to pay more attentions to people's livelihood and harmonious society construction. Urban public service facilities is the carrier of urban social services, and provide basic social services for all, including education services, health services, business services, culture﹠sports services etc., which is the basic grantee of high level-quality urban life. Since the reform and opening, the urban public services delivery neglect the different time-space demand of different social groups because of institutional and structural changes of urban space, and the urban public service demand of vulnerable groups always be ignored particularly in the context of social transformation and space reconstruction, which lead to social inequity and the contradiction between supply and demand in today’s urban public service provision and distribution. According to the individual behavior-based approach to urban space research paradigm, this project try to identify the decision-making process of urban public service using arrangement, target selection and action pattern in micro-perspective through a large number of consumer survey in typical cases, which will help to explore the spatial structural pattern and its formation mechanism of urban public service consumption of different social groups. Then, we can descript the different activity space of urban public service consumption of different social groups by standard ellipse, and what’s more, through computing the ellipse area and making further comparison, we can discuss the relationship between the consumption space and distribution space of urban public service, which will help to reveal the spatial differentiation pattern and social equity features of urban public service time-space provision in China transitional era. So the research findings will be realized to help the establishment of relative policies to moderate the contradiction between supply and demand, and help to promote the improvement of quality of urban life, and furthermore, it’s very meaningful to enrich and extend the social spatial differentiation research.

关注民生、关注社会和谐是中国当前公共政策体系构建的基本起点。城市公共服务的合理配置是高品质城市生活的基本保证，但社会转型及空间重构背景下的制度与政策屏蔽，使城市公共服务对不同阶层（尤其是弱势）社会群体的差异化时空需求关注不足，导致供需结构失衡、空间不匹配及社会不公平问题凸显。城市公共服务消费行为具有空间性，是透视转型期城市生活空间质量及社会空间结构分化的有效视角。本项目采集多尺度城市、多类型服务消费数据，构建城市公共服务消费时空间行为数据库，从消费选择和利用制约的微观视角明晰个体行动者公共服务利用安排、目标选取及停留模式，探索不同社会群体差异化的公共服务消费空间、行为模式和驱动因素，并通过消费空间刻画和量化评价，揭示转型期城市公共服务配置的社会剥夺特征及空间分异规律，最后从时空间行为导向及空间融贯视角构建公平规划技术路径，对完善城市公共服务有效供给、引导公共资源公平合理配置具有重要价值。

本项目实施以来遵照原计划的研究内容、目标和预期成果任务进行组织，以城市居民个体行为作为切入点，将公共服务消费空间作为关键词，选广州和信阳作为沿海和内地、特大城市和中小城市的代表，以医疗服务、基础教育、邻避设施为主要研究对象，通过问卷调查、实地调研、结构访谈、历史文献查阅等方式，构建了一手资料数据库。基于项目设计任务，主要在以下方面取得了相应进展：（1）揭示了基于个体活动的城市公共服务消费行为及空间模式。转型期城市居民公共服务消费空间呈显著空间分异和核心-边缘式圈层结构特征，消费空间随出行距离增加呈多样化变化趋势，出行方式选择是产生差异化城市公共服务消费空间的关键，与西方城市公共资源消费中的“服务反比例法则”存在显著差异；（2）比较了不同区域、不同阶层城市居民公共服务消费空间的群体差异。中小城市与特大居民在公共服务消费出行时间、出行距离、设施选择及利用评价方面都存在显著差异，中小城市居民公共服务消费出行空间面积随收入水平提高而增加，呈典型正相关关系，而特大城市并非如此，城市规模和城市管理方法对特大城市居民公共服务消费出行空间产生重要影响；（3）探讨了转型期城市公共服务设施供给矛盾及形成机理。以基础教育设施撤并为例，揭示出转型期基础教育服务供给过程中的过度“国退民进”和市场化趋势，弱化了政府公共服务供给职能、剥夺了国民的基本公共服务权益，是政府的公共服务供给决策垄断、投资结构下移、行政目标导向供给共同作用的结果；（4）重构了需求导向下城市公共服务设施供给模式。剖析了城市公共服务设施供给矛盾根源在于相关主体利益不协调。通过供给目标重设、供给主体重组和供给机制重构，构建了政府主导下的嵌入式网络化公共服务供给机制，重构出转型期公共服务设施建设的政府-市场-社会(G-M-S)多元协同治理模式，并基于此，完成个体行为导向下的城市医疗服务设施空间配置优化。