风力发电机叶片覆冰与防冰除冰的基础问题研究

Wind turbine blade's icing has serious harms. It will affect the safety of equipment and operation, and reduce power generation. However, because the wind power industry started very late in China, the research about wind turbine blade's icing and anti-icing/de-icing has not attracted people's attention. There is few related research in China. Consequently, it is necessary to do some fundamental researches as soon as possible, such as wind turbine blade's icing mechanism, icing model and anti-icing/de-icing methods. Only by this way can we take preventive measures to protect the healthy development of China's wind power industry. This project intends to study the relationship between ice growth on wind turbine blade and environmental parameters, both in the artificial climate chamber and natural icing station. The ice growth and prediction model will be established on basis of fluid dynamics, aerodynamics and thermodynamics theory. After establishing the blade surface heat transfer model, heating power and heating source arrangement, which determine the wind turbine blade's anti-icing and de-icing under different environmental conditions, are determined. The wind turbine blade's icing model, as well as the proposed anti-icing/de-icing model and methods, will be verified and improved in the artificial climate chamber and natural icing station. In the context of frequent extreme weather and the blowout-type development of wind power market in China, the research of this project will provide theoretical foundation for solving the problems of wind turbines used in icing regions. Hence, the research of this project has important academic value and will meet the urgent requirements of engineering application.

风力发电机叶片覆冰会影响设备和运行的安全，减少发电量，危害严重。风电在我国起步较晚，关于风机叶片覆冰与防冰除冰的研究还未引起人们的重视，研究基本处于空白。因此，有必要尽早对风机覆冰机理、覆冰模型、防冰除冰方法等基础性问题展开研究，这样才能防患于未然，保障我国风电产业的健康发展。本项目拟在人工气候室及自然覆冰试验站研究风机叶片覆冰增长与环境参数的关系，使用流体力学、空气动力学、热力学相关理论建立风机叶片的覆冰增长与预测模型；通过建立叶片表面热平衡模型，确定不同环境条件下风机叶片防冰、融冰所需的加热功率及热源的布置方式；在人工气候室及自然覆冰试验站验证和完善风机叶片覆冰模型，验证提出的防冰除冰模型及方法。在我国极端气候频发及风电市场呈现"井喷式"发展的背景下，本项目的研究将为解决风力发电机在覆冰地区使用存在的问题提供理论基础，既具有重要的学术价值，也具有工程紧迫性。

项目严格按照项目计划书要求展开工作，并达到了相应的目标。本项目在国内首次提出风力发电机叶片覆冰与防除冰的研究方向并针对所涉及的基础性问题开展了系统性的研究工作。通过机理分析、模型研究与试验研究相结合的方法，在雨凇与雾凇、不同覆冰程度、不同表面粗糙度下研究风力发电机叶片的覆冰机理、覆冰增长过程及其对风机出力的影响，并在此基础上开发可以预测风机叶片覆冰的数值计算方法；同时，分析并建立风机防冰除冰过程中的热平衡模型，并研究以防除冰元件设计、防除冰元件布置方式及防除冰功率选择为核心的风机叶片防冰除冰的方法和技术措施。研究发现：覆冰类型、覆冰程度和表面粗糙度均对叶片气动特性有显著影响；同时，本项目所建立的叶片覆冰增长模型、粗糙度模型、防冰除冰模型均与试验结果有较好的吻合。研究结果为解决风力发电机在覆冰地区使用存在的问题提供理论基础和技术依据；项目所建立的叶片覆冰增长模型和防冰除冰模型有助于推动国内叶片覆冰及防除冰领域的研究，所设计的基于循环控制策略的风力发电机叶片电加热融/防冰技术与装置具有较好的工程应用前景和重要的工程应用价值。