动作记忆SPT优势效应的加工机制

It is commonly acknowledged that the excellent memory performances for subject - performed tasks, compared to verbal tasks, has been called the SPT effects. Since Cohen (1981) has been proposed to study the action memory in SPT experimental paradigm, a number of researchers used SPT experimental paradigm in studies afterwards. The SPT experimental paradigm is that the experimenter presents a series of actions phrases, such as "open the book", "shoot the ball" by the visual or auditory modality in the experiment and instruct participants to perform the action phrase when he / she see or hear it. Recall or recognition test follows the studying stages. Under controlled conditions, the experimenter only inform subjects to memory the action description presented them with the same form as much as possible, but not to perform it. This kind of memory task is called verbal task. Focus on analysing the main factors of SPT advantage effecs, we will resolve the following three questions: firstly, we put forward to a new model - "Action-Focus-Integration" (AFI) model to explain the SPT advantage effects by view of integrating the process procedures and objects. The action activation is precondition of action memory processing, occurred in the encoding and retrieval stages. The levels of focus decide whether the phrase can be enacted smoothly and consciously, along with the entire action memory process. Integration decides the item internal relations, occurred in the action memory process. The three sub-systems supporting and cooperating with each other enhance the effects of learning and the depth of processing in action memory. It also determines the size of SPT advantage effects. Secondly, by executing both experimental research methods and episodic experiments methods, we designed 4 parts experiments to examine the mechanisms of the SPT advantage effects. In the first part, by controlling priming styles, difficulty of tasks, belief judgments of recall-recognition, we will explore the automatic activation of actions. In the second part, by regulating age, verbal list length, motive and inhibit ability, we will probe the effects of focus on SPT advantage effects. In the third part, by dominating objects, verbal integration and age, we will research the effects of verbal relation on the SPT advantage effects. In order to testing the effectiveness of AFI model as well as the relations among of the three parts of AFI model, in the fourth part, by controlling action activation, focus and integration, we will analyse the interactions of action activation, focus and integration. At last, based upon the data, we will examine and modify AFI model finally. By executing a series of scientific experiments, we can reveal the processing mechanisms of SPT adantage effects, and the final AFI model could explain the SPT advantage effects of action memory completely.

操作条件下的记忆成绩好于语词条件下记忆成绩的现象被称为动作记忆SPT优势效应。对此效应加工机制的解释存在分歧和矛盾，这是造成动作记忆研究停滞不前的根本原因。为剖析SPT优势效应产生的主要影响因素，本研究拟解决以下三个问题：第一，通过分析现存理论矛盾之处，首次从加工过程和加工对象相结合的视角出发、注入聚焦这一新元素，提出SPT优势效应加工机制的"激活-聚焦-整合"(AFI)模型；第二，为探索SPT优势效应加工机制并验证AFI模型三个子系统的存在，结合实验室实验和情景模拟实验两种研究方法，实施三部分实验，逐一从动作的激活特性、操作时的聚焦程度及整合过程来考察三者的加工特点；第三，实施第四部分实验，从整体上探究AFI模型子系统之间的关系，并在实证研究的基础上检验和修正AFI模型。通过严密的实验研究，预期能够揭示动作记忆SPT优势效应的加工机制，修正后的AFI模型能更加合理、全面的解释SPT优势。

我们首先对动作记忆领域的研究内容进行了综述分析，对以往动作记忆SPT优势效应作用机制的理论及背景进行了详细探讨，并形成理论研究文献共2篇。针对以往研究理论存在的争议，初步提出动作记忆加工的“激活-聚焦-整合”(Activation-Focus-Integration, AFI) 模型，以更好的解释SPT优势效应。在此基础上，对AFI模型进行了补充，对意识、项目特异性与关联性信息在动作记忆中的重要性问题进行了理论探讨，并形成理论研究文献共2篇（其中1篇已发表，1篇正在发表）。之后，实证研究围绕AFI模型中的三要素充分展开，具体为：1、动作的激活是动作记忆加工的前提条件。对于动作的激活机制，我们从动作记忆提取时定向遗忘机制的角度、信息自动突显机制的角度和不同提取内容的角度进行了研究，发现动作记忆中动作信息的激活具有自动突显性；对动作编码条件下的消极刺激记忆程度更深，更易激活。并形成实验研究文献3篇（其中2篇已发表）。2、意识的聚焦水平决定动作是否能够顺利进行以及个体意识的参与程度。对于动作记忆加工过程中意识聚焦特性，我们从发展过程中动作编码在基于事件前瞻记忆任务中的自动聚焦性角度、项目具体性信息的聚焦性角度进行了探讨，发现以动作操作的前瞻记忆任务能够为8、9岁儿童带来更好的前瞻记忆表现，而对于7岁儿童则不能；动作的参与会带来更多的项目具体性信息。并形成实验研究文献2篇（其中1篇已发表）。3、整合决定记忆对象之间的关联性。对于动作记忆加工的整合特点，我们从动作信息和表象信息的整合角度、动作信息和语词信息的整合角度进行了详细探讨，发现动作信息和表象信息、动作信息和语词信息之间的良好整合在动作记忆优势效应中起着隐性的重要作用。并形成实验研究文献2篇（其中1篇已发表）。我们的研究对AFI模型中的各个要素进行了深入的剖析，通过不同角度切入，既对原AFI模型进行了充分详细的补充，又进行了一定的批判与修正。这对今后的动作记忆SPT优势效应作用机制的研究具有重要的启示和指导意义。