中国共享单车系统设计中的企业最优服务策略

As the pioneer of the sharing economy, bike sharing business is the most important mode of sharing transit services. The soaring development of this business, however, has been accompanied with the misbehaviors of the users, which becomes focused issues by the Chinese governments and society. Constructing an efficient bike sharing system (BSS) for the location of stations and repositioning of bikes is considered as a wise strategy to solve these problems, as the users will not misbehave if their needs are satisfied by the well-designed system. While researchers have made great efforts to design BSS, they fail to take into account the dockless and commercialized features of BSS in China. Moreover, the misbehaviors of users have not been addressed in BSS design. Therefore, this project intends to bridge the gap and construct optimization models which include the information of commercialized feature and user misbehaviors for dockless BSS.. To achieve this research goal, four studies will be conducted. Before designing the dockless BSS, the demand patterns of sharing bikes should be identified. Study 1 thus analyzes the factors influencing the demand of sharing bikes and evaluates models for demand forecasting. In Studies 2 and 3, the location of station and the repositioning of bikes will be investigated, respectively. Both studies shed light on the commercialized feature of dockless BBS. Specifically, the variable of dock number will be replaced by station area for dockless BBS. To fit the commercialized feature, the optimization models set the objectives of cost minimization and include competitive information. Lastly, the misbehaviors of users will be analyzed in Study 4.. Various methods will be used to tackle the key research questions in this project. These methods include copula functions, which can flexibly describe different dependence structures and thus be used to model the relationship between the demand of borrowing and parking bikes. It can also be used for demand forecasting by capture the information of serial dependence structures. In addition, the investigators will follow the existing research and use genetic algorithm to solve the optimization models for BSS design.. This project adds to the literature by raising the research attention to the dockless and commercialized features of BSS, as well as the influence of an efficient system on user misbehaviors. The findings of the projects will also provide the bike sharing corporates with insightful suggestions, which help accelerate the healthy development of the bike sharing businesses.

作为共享经济发展的先导行业，共享单车是共享出行服务最重要的模式，其快速发展过程中暴露出来的问题，成为政府及社会各界的关注的热点。从站点选址和调度规划两个方面进行共享单车系统的优化，可以有效缓解这些问题。然而，现有研究当中对系统优化问题的讨论，只关注有桩共享单车，而忽略了共享单车无桩化发展的趋势和中国市场以无桩共享单车为主的现实。此外，专家学者的相关研究仍停留在单一供给方的情况，缺少对竞争环境下共享单车企业决策的分析。因此，本课题立足共享单车服务行行业的本质，从企业视角出发，分析共享单车的需求特征，并在充分考虑中国共享单车无桩化、商业化特征，兼顾用户行为影响的基础上，构建共享单车系统模型，以补充和丰富现有研究成果，推动共享单车行业的发展。

共享经济的发展为中国经济提供源源不断的新动能，而服务行业中的共享模式则引领着共享经济的发展。“解决最后一公里”出行问题的共享单车，是近年来主流的绿色环保的城市交通方式。共享单车模式的出现不仅为居民的出行提供便利，还提高了城市的运作效率，促进经济的发展。然而，共享单车模式在运作中也存在诸多问题，如局部区域供需不平衡、乱停乱放等。如何针对其现有问题，构建最优的共享单车系统，是当下的一个重要课题。本项目从企业的视角出发，从停放站点设置以及调度系统方面着手，展开对共享单车系统的优化研究，并取得了一定成果。在子课题一中，本研究选定了合适的 Copula 函数，建立Copula 模型对共享单车需求进行预测，有效地提高了共享单车需求预测水平；在子课题二中，利用线性规划模型，以出行者总疲劳度最小化为目标，求解站点设置的最优策略；子课题三解决共享单车调度的最优决策问题；最后，在子课题四中，加入企业管理成本的考量，重新构建子课题二与子课题三的站点布设与调度模型，得到最优的站点布设和调度策略。本课题基于中国共享单车系统的现状，结合中国共享单车无桩化、商业化的特征，加入对行为规范因素的思考来优化系统，不仅保障了居民的出行便利性，还能够帮助企业提高经济效益，为中国共享单车的行业管理和企业经营提供理论以及科学方法支持。