改革开放以来我国集体林产权制度演化及绩效研究—基于大样本农户要素投入、效率、收入与森林资源动态变化

Small-scale forest management in the world has been increasing and its' role has become important, which is similar to household-based collective forest management in China. The collective forestland tenure has been evolution with multi-directions since the reform of economy and open to the outsider, which present a good opportunity for us to learn the evolution of the institutional collective forestland tenure in China and its performances. Because institutional economics has focused on theoretical analysis but lacked of positive analysis and the institutional evolution of forestland tenure has seldom studied, our proposed research program plans to use econometrics theories and methods to take positive analyses about the institutional evolution of forestland tenure and its performance, and we also explore the routines to be applied econometrics methods to institutional evolution of forestland tenure. We take the positive analyses the performances of the institutional evolution of the collective forestland tenure, and its performances include the production factor inputs and allocations, efficiency, income and its structure, forest resources and its structure. The sources and incentives of the institutional evolution of the collective forestland tenure will be decomposed. Our proposed research program has not only considered the effects of forest factors on the institutional evolution of collective forestland tenure, but also the effects of market, rural households' preferences, policies and other factors have been considered so that we could fully understand the institutional evolution of forestland evolution and its performance since the reform of economy and open to the outside.

全球小规模林业呈现出上升态势且所发挥的作用日趋重要,与我国改革开放以来集体林逐步向家庭经营转化趋势吻合。改革开放以来,我国集体林产权制度不断演化且呈现出多样性，为我们开展集体林产权制度演化及绩效研究提供了锲机。鉴于制度经济学理论研究为主，实证研究不足，林业产权演化研究少且定性为主等不足，本项研究拟采用计量经济学理论与方法开展集体产权制度演化及绩效定量实证研究，探索计量经济学理论与方法应用集体林产权制度的路径与思路，分析我国集体林产权制度演化的动因、源泉及过程，以期呈现出完整与系统的集体林产权制度演化。研究集体林产权制度对农户等经营主体的生产要素配置、效率、收入及结构、森林资源及结构等绩效产生的影响。本项研究不仅研究森林资源状况等林业因素对集体林产权制度演化及绩效的影响，而且分析市场、农户偏好、政策等因素对集体林产权演化及绩效的影响，从而更为全面理解改革开放以来集体林产权制度演化及绩效。

改革开放以来，我国集体林产权制度演化呈现出多样性，为开展集体林产权制度演化及绩效研究提供了天然试验场。在深入文献回顾的基础上，构建本研究的理论框架，基于12省区、35县市、7472个样本农户的长期多层次大样本面板数据，本研究采用计量经济学理论与方法，研究了集体林产权制度对农户等经营主体的生产要素配置、效率、收入及结构、森林资源及结构等绩效产生的影响，分析我国集体林产权制度演化的动因、源泉及过程。我们的研究发现：1）实施新一轮和林业“三定”集体林产权制度改革增加了样本农户的林地经营面积，新一轮集体林地确权和配套改革措施显著激励样本农户增加林业劳动力和生产费用投入。2）相较于林业“三定”后时期（1987-2003）、人民公社和林业“三定”时期，新一轮集体林权制度改革时期样本农户的全要素生产率显著提高；村内样本农户林地的基尼系数越高，他们的全要素生产率越高，集体林产权制度贡献有所增长。3）林业“三定”导致南方集体林区森林资源显著下降，新一轮集体林产权制度改革对森林资源的影响不显著；同时，不同集体林产权制度对森林资源的影响呈现出区域差异。4）不同集体林权制度对样本农户收入及其结构的影响各异；新一轮集体林地确权显著增加了样本农户以土地为基础的收入，对非农收入为不显著的正向影响，拉大了农户收入不平等水平；新一轮集体林产权制度改革的配套措施对样本农户收入的影响各异。5）市场和政策让渡的利益空间和农户自适应性是集体林产权制度变迁的主要源泉；同构、权力和学习是其重要动因；6）不同集体林产权与相关政策组合的绩效呈现出时空异质性。.本研究的科学意义在于：在构建本项研究的理论框架的基础上，有效地完善并改进了经济学理论与定量分析在集体林制度安排与变迁及其绩效的应用，并结合研究对象有所创新，改变了已有研究以定性为主的格局，为相关领域的产权制度变迁及绩效的研究提供了路径与思路借鉴。