西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑设计策略研究

Due to the complex and fickle geomorphological and climatic conditions in the southwestern region, natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, and mudslides happen frequently. Because of that, serious damages always happen to remote and difficult-to-rescue rural communities with weak infrastructure and poor housing condition so that to build up safe and reliable community emergency shelters to ensure rural residents’ life and safety appears to be urgent. Meanwhile, the state also calls for promoting the construction of emergency shelters and increasing the scale of indoor shelter. However, since our country is still in lack of a normative standard for emergency shelters in rural communities, this project extracts and establishes a set of design elements as the starting point and basis by drawing on the existing normative standards and research documents on design of emergency shelters in urban communities. Through a comprehensive comparative analysis, this project screens elements of design indicators for emergency shelters in rural community in Southwest disaster-prone areas. Using the existing normative standard indicators as a reference, the project uses analogy and interpolation to calculate and quantify the design indicators of emergency shelters in rural community. Based on design experiment method and the reliability of VR virtual building design method to adjust the floating threshold of quantitative indicators, this project proposes design strategies for emergency shelters in rural community so as to supplement and improve our design theory and method, and to provide technical support for the scientific construction of emergency shelters in rural communities.

西南地区地质地貌与气候条件复杂多变，地震、滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害频发。西南地区农村社区基础设施薄弱、房屋条件差、交通不便难以救援，往往是灾后破坏比较严重的地方，迫切需要建设安全可靠的社区避难建筑保障居民的生命安全。近年来国家高度重视避难建筑建设，要求提高室内避灾的规模，而我国尚缺乏针对农村社区避难建筑设计的规范标准。因此本项目主要通过借助现有的城市社区避难建筑设计相关规范标准和研究文献，提炼建立避难建筑设计要素集作为起点和基础，通过多因素综合对比分析筛选西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑设计指标要素；参照现有相关规范标准指标，使用类比法和插值法，计算量化农村社区避难建筑设计指标；使用设计实验法，利用VR虚拟现实建筑设计技术验证指标的可靠性并调整量化指标的浮动阈值，从而提出农村社区避难建筑设计策略，补充和完善我国避难建筑设计理论和方法，为农村社区避难建筑科学建设提供技术支撑。

我国西南灾害多发地区迫切需要建设安全可靠的社区避难建筑，以保障村民的生命安全。基于此本项目主要完成了三个研究内容，西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑设计指标要素筛选，通过结合现有规范、标准中的指标，查阅相关技术文献，同时纳入西南灾害多发地区农村社区的特点，完成避难建筑设计要素指标筛选；西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑设计指标量化，通过实际调研和数理统计，分析避难建筑现状及农村社区村民避难需求，量化农村社区避难建筑面积指标；依据现状及建模参数调整量化指标，制定适宜于西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑的设计策略。同时，完成了与避难建筑设计相关的“VR建筑空间设计研究”、“上行避难疏散行为特征研究”、“避难道路研究”、“农村居住建筑安全性与村民精神健康关系的研究”，支撑了本项目顺利的完成。本课题研究成果是西南灾害多发地区农村社区避难建筑设计的技术支撑，同时弥补现行规范标准中对农村社区避难建筑设计方法与理论的空缺，补充了我国城乡防灾减灾安全体系的理论基础，具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。