中国黑星菌科真菌的系统分类研究

Venturiaceae, one of the most important families within Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes, Venturiales, is a cosmopolitan family widely distrusted in temperate and tropical regions in the world. Some of them are pathogens of economically important plants with some particular ones are domestic or international quarantine pathogen in China. In total, there are more than 500 venturiaceous species have been reported in the world, while less than 10% species have been found in China. The aim of this project is to survey the diversity of Venturiaceae in China using "polyphasic" taxonomic methods, i.e. incorporating field collection, macro- and micro- morphological, host spectrum, living habitats and trophic types and so on to study the taxonomy and systematics of this group of fungi. To illustrate the diversity and distribution of Venturiaceae in China, explore reliable morphological and ecological criterions for identification, set up a proper DNA barcoding database, and build up a completed phylogenetic tree of Venturiaceae. To explore the evolutionary relationships of different genera within Venturiaceae. To explore a natural taxonomic system of Venturiaceae, and provide scientific basis for plant disease surveillance and response.

黑星菌科属于子囊菌门、座囊菌纲、黑星菌目，物种分布广、多样性丰富，有些种可引起许多经济作物的重要病害，个别种被指定为我国的检疫对象。目前在黑星菌科真菌的系统分类中存在诸多问题，如存在许多"隐存种"，属种的划分缺乏明确的分类标准，属种间的系统发育关系尚待进一步研究等；因此本项目拟开展我国黑星菌科真菌的分类及分子系统学研究，通过标本采集、菌株分离以及馆藏标本研究，综合形态特征、营养类型、寄主范围和多基因序列分析等，采用"多相分类"方法确立可靠的属种划分标准；通过多基因序列分析，筛选并建立适合的DNA条形码分子鉴定数据库；构建该科的分子系统发育树，明确属种之间的亲缘关系，建立更加趋于自然分类的黑星菌科分类系统。通过本项目可收集大量真菌标本和菌株，发现新的分类单元，为进一步的开发利用提供丰富的真菌资源，同时为真菌病害的防治提供科学依据。

黑星菌科真菌广泛分布于北温带地区，腐生或寄生在多种双子叶植物上，部分种类是引起经济作物的重要病害的病原。负责人及课题组其他成员已赴我国海南、广东、贵州、四川、重庆、云南、吉林、黑龙江、辽宁、山东、河南、陕西等12多个省市进行了野外考察及真菌标本采集，采集到早花忍冬、杨树、柳树、海棠及梨树等五种植物的黑星菌属的43份标本，分离菌株20株，且在早花忍冬、柳树及杨树上发现发现中国三个黑星菌属真菌新种：Venturia chinensis, V. fuliginosa 和V. phaeosepta一个新记录种：V. catenospora。为了对黑星菌属的各物种的分类地位进行确认，从美国、英国、瑞士、奥地利、中国台湾等5个国家和地区的10个标本馆（CUP, HMAS, K, MICH, NY, NYS, PDD, PPMH, W, ZT）借调黑星菌属203余份黑星菌属的蜡叶标本，其中54种79份为模式标本，并对以上标本进行了详细的描述与绘图，通过对以上研究，总结了黑星菌属的核心形态学特征：1.子囊座埋生、半埋生少数表生，散生或聚生；2.子座多数有刚毛，有孔口；3. 囊间丝为窄细胞状无色透明拟侧丝，子囊座成熟时常消失；4.子囊为8个孢子，双囊壁，魔匣式开裂，倒棒状或倒梨形，偶尔圆柱形，一般无柄 5.子囊孢子淡黄色，淡橄榄色至棕色，单隔，常不对称；根据以上核心形态特征，将V. aesculi, V. applanata, V. asterinoides, V. barbula, V. cassandrae, V. clintonii, V. compacta, V. corni, V. curviseta, V. psilotricha, V. elegantula, V. erysiphoides, V. formosa, V. gaultheriae, V. hispida, V. musae, V. nebulosa, V. occidentalis, V. parasitica, V. pezizoidea, V. pruni, V. psilotricha, V. pulchella, V. rhois, V. sabalicola, V. saccardioides, V. sacchari, V. sphaerelloidea 和 V. vaccinii等30个种