农户参与农业利贫价值链的生计资产门槛研究

About 75% of the world’s poor people live in the countryside and maintain their livelihoods and food security through agriculture. Resolving global poverty requires a focus on rural populations, particularly in developing countries. The rural population maintain a steady poverty state, partly for limited original asset of rural population, but more importantly, most farmer engages in subsistence agriculture in relatively closed markets, which lead to restrictions on accumulations of capital. In new period, Chinese poverty alleviation program will weaken aid poverty reduction and intensify poverty reduction by guiding social force and market force participating in poverty reduction. The private sector involved in agricultural pro-poor value chain can make farmers get access to market. In a harsh market, however, the participation threshold of pro-poor value chain requires farmers to provide high quality products and more livelihood assets, which set a higher threshold of households livelihood assets. This study assumes that the farmers as a producer in agricultural pro-poor value chain, exploring the mode of ‘Company-Base-Farmers’ in industrialization cum poverty reduction by field investigation. According to the livelihood assets data of farmers, our research will compare the livelihood status of rural specified household with the livelihood status of rural diversified households and build the livelihood asset index to measure different types farmers livelihood capacity. The threshold regression model will be established to quantitatively analysis the entry threshold of the livelihood asset of different types of farmers participating in the agricultural pro-poor value chain. The effective intervention of the government is more conducive to expanding the participation size of farmers and providing policy proposals for targeting poor population and targeted poverty reduction.

全世界大约75%的穷人生活在农村地区，解决全球贫困问题需要关注农村人口。农村人口持续贫困的原因除了有限的原始资产禀赋，还有一个至关重要的是大多数农户都是在相对封闭的市场经营自给农业，进一步影响其资产累积。新时期我国扶贫工作弱化了非市场特性的捐赠“扶贫”，积极引导农户参与利贫价值链。本项目通过研究私营部门参与产业扶贫的利贫价值链，拉近农户与更大市场的有机连接，然而在更苛刻的市场中，价值链的参与对农户生计资产提出更高要求。本研究假设农户作为生产者参与农业利贫价值链，通过对“公司+基地+农户”模式开展产业扶贫项目区进行田野调查，收集当地农户的生计资产数据；比较农业户和兼业户的生计资产状况，构建衡量不同类型农户生计能力的生计资产指数；建立门限回归模型，定量测算农户参与农业利贫价值链的生计资产门槛值；政府的有效干预可更有利于扩大农户的参与，为扶贫开发的贫困人口瞄准和有针对性的减贫政策制定提供参考。

“农业利贫价值链”将分散的小农生产者(农户)与市场有机链接，让现代市场真正造福农民，从而彻底改善农户传统的生产和生活方式，提高生计质量的同时也提高了农村的自我发展能力。基于此，本项目在科学阐述农业利贫价值链概念的内涵和外延的基础上，通过对吕梁山集中连片贫困区和燕山—太行山集中连片特困区内随机抽取的5个行政村进行首轮实地调研，获取有效问卷1220份，以此微观数据为研究样本，以可持续生计分析框架为基础理论，从人力资本、物质资本、自然资本、社会资本、金融资本五个维度构建了农户生计资产指数（HLAI），并以HLAI为驱动变量，采用精确断点回归方法进行参与农业利贫价值链农户的减贫增收效果研究。研究结果表明，参与农业利贫价值链使得农户的人均纯收入显著提高。在得到参与农业利贫价值链可以有效提高农户的减贫增收效果的结论下，进一步以HLAI作为门槛变量，建立面板门槛模型，探讨农户参与农业利贫价值链的生计资产门槛。实证结果表明，生计资产在1%的显著性水平上通过单门槛检验，自然资本在1%的显著性水平上通过单门槛检验，人力资本和社会资本在5%的显著性水平上通过单门槛检验，物质资本在10%的显著性水平上通过单门槛检验，金融资本在1%的显著性水平上通过双重门槛检验，门槛值的识别效果较为显著。由此可得，农户的生计资产是年均收入与参与意愿的门槛变量，并且当农户生计资产及其各具体资本跨越相应的门槛值时，收入与参与意愿具有显著的正相关关系。同时，生计资产还对农户的年均收入具有直接影响，收入受到生计资本分维水平及结构的制约。以上研究结论，对于精准瞄准低于生计资产门槛而无法进入利贫价值链的农户进行非市场化的有效政策干预提供了科学指导。具体而言，政府应加强农业利贫价值链参与者的能力建设，为小型农户搭建信息共享、资源整合、联合生产的平台；提高参与农户的能力与技能使其更好适应大市场的商业环境；为保障农业利贫价值链高效运作，全面农村提升基础设施建设。