政治经济视角下城市创新空间分布特征及发展机制研究——以上海为例

Against the backdrop of new normal, innovation driven becomes central strategy in national development and innovation spaces are emerging across Chinese cities. Innovation space development is a frontier issue in urban planning, but its development characteristics and mechanisms remain unclear. Different from advanced capitalist countries where many innovation spaces spontaneously develop and evolve, with apparent bottom-up involvements, China’s innovation space development is mostly state-led, characterized by top-down interventions and tied to the ongoing political economy transition. Moreover, existing studies on China’s innovation space development are mainly macro-level centered, focusing on diffusion of innovation activities at national or regional level. Thus, a political economy perspective and a meso- to micro-level examination of innovation space development can generate significant and useful implications, advising the planning practices. This research unfolds the uneven spatial distribution characteristics of urban innovation spaces at city-level in Shanghai from the dimension of innovation production. It then applies a political economy perspective and specifically employs state rescaling theory to analyze how innovation-related power rescaling of central and local governments influences the uneven distribution and looks into the modalities of function and power rescaling in selected cases to explore the development mechanism behind. At the city level, the interlink between the uneven distribution of innovation production among different administrative districts and the related power flow is examined. At the community level, it specifically looks into the role of various levels of government and “quasi-government agents” in the formation and evolution of different types of innovation spaces. Cross-district power flow and the modalities of functional rescaling at this level need special attention. This research will provide an alternative research perspective and analytical framework to interpret innovation space development in China, offer an in-depth understanding of its characteristics and mechanisms, and make urban planning suggestions.

新常态下，创新驱动成为国家核心战略，各地创新空间蓬勃发展，成为规划建设中值得探讨的前沿课题。与发达国家自发演进的创新空间不同，我国创新空间分布发展和政治经济环境、政府决策紧密相关，呈现丰富而复杂的特征。然而，学术界尚缺少对创新空间的政治经济分析，且现有研究主要聚焦国家、区域尺度，难以指导实践层面的规划应对。本项目以政治经济前沿理论尺度重组为主要分析框架，基于创新产出揭示上海城市尺度创新空间分布特征，探讨其与国家-地方“尺度重组”的内在关联，并进一步在园区尺度选取典型案例以权力-功能“尺度重组”框架对其发展机制进行分析。重点关注城市尺度创新空间分布差异背后不同行政区的权力流动以及园区尺度创新空间发展中市区级政府和各类“政府代理人”权力的跨边界重组形态和空间功能重组形态。本项目旨在为规划建设中创新空间发展这一新科学问题提供研究视角和分析方法，深入解析其特征机制，为规划调控、政策制定提供支撑。

在创新驱动转型和分权化、市场化政治经济背景下，我国科技创新空间蓬勃发展的同时也面临空间布局、利益协调、体制机制等问题。本课题聚焦政治经济视角下的城市创新空间分布特征及发展机制，致力于为创新空间布局、利益协调、体制机制方面的规划调控、政策制定提供支撑。..在特征分析层面，以专利数据表征创新产出，基于探索性空间数据分析原理，改进并提出城市创新空间定量测度方法，进而采用基尼系数、热点（Getis-Ord Gi*）等方法分析空间集聚特征。以上海为例，基于多层次的空间单元进行研究，历时性比较发现市域范围创新活动呈现快速交通导向下的均质化扩散，且多中心结构趋向明显。共时性比较发现创新集聚非均衡现象明显。该方法适用于多层次的空间单元，具有较好的推广价值，已在相关领域应用于珠海、重庆等地的空间特征分析。..在机制分析层面，基于“国家-地方”尺度重组分析框架，探讨了改革后与创新相关的国家权力结构调整和创新政策变化，以上海为例，地方政府通过资金、基础设施、创新服务等干预城市创新，彰显出地方发展型政府理论较好的解释力，揭示了创新市场化背景下，企业创新能力的显著增强和个人创新占比的降低。基于“权力-功能”尺度重组分析框架，选取典型案例，分析存量用地创新转型路径，发现各级政府和各类政府代理人起着重要作用，也发现以创新导向的更新转型受政策变化和原土地权利人更新意愿等诸多因素影响，存在较多不确定性。同时，亦对境外相关案例进行了考察，解析其政治经济成因和与本土案例的差异。..在实践应用层面，基于实证研究，结合创新理论，从交通、基础设施、高校、产业园的空间布局、资源协调和政策制度上提出优化建议。在昆山、南通、成都等地，开展规划实践。..课题核心成果包括期刊论文21篇，其中，SCI/SSCI 7篇（一区3篇，二区3篇，三区1篇），CSSCI/CSCD/北大核心7篇，EI 1篇；除1篇三作，2篇二作+通讯外，均为一作。组织并多次参加国内外学术会议宣讲，还培养了相关研究人才。