关中平原小城镇内涝生态自平衡模式与空间匹配方法研究

The project is based on the local characteristics of Guanzhong Plain, where flat and four distinctive seasons, three of them are dry, concentrated rainfall and heavy rainstorms only in summer. It aims a series of local questions such as the difficult drainage, waterlogging-prone, structural imbalance and decline features caused by rapid expansion and chaotic spread of construction land in numerous small towns. Using basic theory about urban and rural planning, science of disaster, ecology, water supply and drainage, landscape architecture and other disciplines, contrasts, analyzes and evaluates comprehensive achievements of “artificial pipe emission patterns” and “ rainwater ecological managed patterns”, excavates experience and wisdom of original ecology waterlogging prevention and control using of traditional villages within the region, basing on low impact development, puts forward a concept “space unit of waterlogging ecological self-used” of small towns in Guanzhong Plain, which coupling the basic settlements spatial unit of regional small towns. Both of its division principle and the calculated methods are researched about space scale. Constructing a new type of spatial organization mechanism and planning design method of integration collaboration with “Waterlogging Balanced unit-Ecological Landscape unit-Basic Dwelling unit” for the small towns in the Guanzhong Plains, experiments rudimentary its planning index range. The research aims to improve waterlogging prevention and control planning technology level, and promote the sustainable development of environment of small towns in the Guanzhong Plain.

本项目基于关中平原地势平坦、四季分明、三季干旱、夏雨集中多暴雨的地域特征，针对该地区广大小城镇建设用地急剧扩张、无序摊大所引发的排水困难、内涝频发、结构失衡与特色衰败等一系列问题，运用城乡规划学、灾害学、生态学、给排水学、风景园林学等学科基础理论，对比、分析、评价“人工管道排放模式”与“雨洪生态管理模式”的综合绩效，挖掘本地区传统村镇原生态内涝防控利用的经验和智慧，提出关中平原小城镇“内涝生态自平衡模式”，耦合地区小城镇基本住区空间单元，研发其区划原理和空间规模测算方法，建构关中平原小城镇“内涝平衡单元—生态景观单元—基本聚居单元”一体化协同的新型空间组织机制及规划设计方法，初步实验其规划指标值域，促进本地区小城镇规划技术与内涝防控技术的提升，技术保障关中平原村镇新型城镇化发展。

本研究为了解决关中平原小城镇旱涝并存的困境，基于城乡规划、系统论、低影响开发、可持续建筑等理论及方法，从平衡雨水、积水、用水的角度入手，探索适合于小城镇的空间发展模式。研究内容可分为过去——传统经验、现在——衍生机理、未来——模式方法三大部分。.首先，对关中平原传统村镇的聚落分布模式、村落下垫面构成、院落建筑型制、旱涝自平衡设施四方面进行定性与定量研究，得出传统村镇聚落以基层单元为构成要素呈点状均衡分布，村落中60%～65%的降雨都被以多种形式存蓄，其中院落中的水窖和公共空间内的涝池为存储降雨的主要设施。.其次，对关中平原现代小城镇的自然环境特征、聚落空间、公共开放空间、院落空间及雨水管理设施五方面进行深入调研及剖析，得出关中平原现代小城镇内涝灾害的衍生机理，建设用地形态从“点状分散”逐渐演变为“面状连续”的状态，增加了雨水排放的规模和难度，使得建设区内部的雨水更易于滞留；院落空间格局和下垫面的变化导致的院落容纳雨水比例仅为9.84%，从源头上增加了雨水的排放量，加大了街道的排水压力；传统雨水蓄存设施被废弃，新建雨水管网不够用，导致雨水排放困难。.最后，针对关中平原小城镇新建区，提出了“内涝生态自平衡模式”，主要由数学关系、指标系统和单元体系构建；基于镇域生态安全、镇区雨涝平衡、片区基本生活和院落基层居住四个单元层面，分别从单元规模、空间结构、设施选型及布局等方面来阐述匹配内涝生态自平衡模式的空间规划设计办法，并给出相应的指标及模式图，试图探寻实现小城镇内涝系统化解决，以及小城镇空间特色化发展的适宜之路。