技术进步偏向的经济增长效应研究

The existing studies neglect what the directed technological change can work on economic growth, but mostly focus on the effect of technological change rates on economic growth and pay attention to the influence of directed technological change on wage inequality, factor income share and environment quality. The fact that technological change is biased toward special factors implies that the choice of invention and the allocation of innovation resource are also biased. Therefore, the directed technological change affects R&D efficiency via allocating innovation resource between different inventions, and thus impacts economic growth. Via endogenizing the directed technological change in an economic growth model, this project will utilize methods of mathematical economics and techniques of numerical simulation to discover the underlying mechanism of the biased innovation-factor allocation. The project will develop a knowledge-based growth model, where skilled workers are used both in alternative innovations and good production to address the issues of directed technological change and economic growth. This will have theoretical significances: first, introducing a new channel that the directed technological change affects economic growth into endogenous growth theory; next, linking income distribution with economic growth by a new channel of directed technological change. In reality, various kinds of technological inventions and innovations face different types of patent protection. Moreover, the patent protects new discoveries with diverse strength. These suggest that patent protection is biased. Based on this idea, the project will extend the basic model to include the role of patent protection. The extension model can be use to analyze the function of patent protection on economic growth through a new way of directed technological change. In brief, the project has three practical meanings: first, it is helpful for us to know clearly variations of the new normal stage; next, it also makes us to be familiar with the market oriented mechanism of technology innovation; third, it is propitious for us to cognize the role of institutional innovation in practice.

现有研究大多关注技术进步率对经济增长的影响和技术进步偏向对工资不平等、要素收入分配和环境质量（能源强度）的影响，却没有注意到技术进步偏向具有经济增长效应。技术进步有偏向意味着技术研发选择和创新资源配置有偏向，故而存在技术进步偏向影响研发效率及经济增长的作用机制。本项目通过构建内生技术进步偏向的经济增长模型，运用数理分析技术和数值模拟方法，深入揭示这一机制。本项目提出并研究“技术进步偏向的经济增长效应”命题，这具有一定的新意和较大的理论价值。现实中，不同类型的技术进步与创新面临不同类别和不同程度的专利保护，所以专利保护有偏向。基于此，本项目还提出，通过引入国际贸易和专利保护因素，研究开放经济和制度环境通过技术进步偏向对经济增长的影响。本项目有助于加深对经济发展新常态阶段变化规律的认识，有助于增进对技术创新市场导向机制的认识，有助于增进对机制体制改革和制度实践创新的理解。

在国家大力实施创新驱动发展战略的背景下，技术进步与创新是经济增长源泉的观点越来越得到普遍认可，并仍需深入研究。本项研究深入到技术进步在生产要素间的偏向性和研发环节在创新方向上的选择性中，构建了内生技术进步偏向的经济增长模型，揭示了研发资源配置的内在决策机制，并引入专利保护因素定义了专利保护的偏向性影响。主要研究内容还包括以下几方面：研发创新环节受外部环境影响在不同创新方向上对研发资源的差别配置机制；专利保护制度影响研发资源配置和技术进步偏向的机制以及由此产生的经济增长效应；测度了我国长三角经济发达地区的技术进步偏向；研究了我国制造业行业的技术进步偏向和能源强度；以及考察了我国农业部门的技术进步偏向和农业产出增长。取得的重要研究结果有三。第一是改进了Acemoglu（2002）在其理论文章中对替代弹性的约束条件。研究证明得到：无论技术工人和非技术工人的替代弹性是否大于2，都有强诱导的技术进步偏向及工资溢价和经济增长效应。第二是提出了从研发部门的研发结构着手理解微观上的创新和研发效率以及宏观上的技术进步偏向和经济增长的观点。研究证明得到：随着研发结构的变化，创新和研发效率呈倒U型变化，因此经济增长和社会福利也呈非线性变化。第三是把外部专利保护制度的作用置入影响技术进步偏向的研究框架中。研究证明得出：专利保护制度通常不是中性的而是偏向性的，这对创新和技术进步产生作用，影响技术进步偏向和经济增长。这些结果的取得深化、丰富了内生技术进步的经济增长理论，具有基础理论价值。