阻燃聚合物电解质功能化设计及其聚酰胺66纤维/织物的层层自组装涂层的构建与机理研究

Polyamide 66 fiber/fabric exhibits the shortcomings of inflammability and poor hygroscopicity and breathability, and the conventional finishing modification methods suffer from several disadvantages, including low flame retardant efficiency and poor durability and mechanical properties. This project is based on assembling the mechanisms and technologies of efficient halogen-free flame retardant, Layer by Layer self-assembly and soft chemical crosslinking treatment. Multifunctional polymer electrolytes containing phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardant elements are synthetized and natural polymer electrolytes (alginic acid and chitosan, etc.) are modified with flame retardants. Assembly coating with crosslinking structure is constructed on the surface of polyamide 66 fiber, and polyamide 66 fiber/fabric with excellent flame retardancy, durability, hygroscopicity and breathability is prepared. The effects of the type of flame retardant polymer electrolytes and crosslinking methods (Uv crosslinking and low temperature amidation reaction) on the flame retardant properties of polyamide 66 fiber are studied. The gaseous and condensed phase products obtained during the pyrolysis and combustion of the samples are investigated, and the mechanisms of pyrolysis, flame retardant and anti-dripping are explored. The influence of composition and structure of the assembly coating on the durability, hygroscopicity and breathability of polyamide 66 fiber is studied, and the relevant mechanism is revealed. The internal relationship among composition, structure and properties of the modified fiber is clarified. The implementation of this project will lay experimental and theoretical foundation for preparation of polyamide 66 fiber/fabric with high performance and excellent flame retardancy, and further broaden its application scope.

聚酰胺66纤维/织物存在易燃和吸湿透气性差等缺点，且常规后整理法存在阻燃效率低、耐久性和力学性能差的缺点。本项目将高效无卤阻燃、层层自组装和软化学交联的原理和技术相结合，设计合成多种含磷、氮等元素的多官能度聚合物电解质，并对天然聚合物电解质（海藻酸、壳聚糖等）进行阻燃改性，构建具有交联网络结构的层层自组装阻燃涂层，制备出具有优异的阻燃性能、耐久性和吸湿透气性的聚酰胺66纤维/织物。研究不同类型阻燃聚合物电解质、交联处理方式（紫外光交联、低温酰胺化反应）对聚酰胺66纤维的阻燃性能的影响，探讨其在热解和燃烧过程中气相和凝聚相产物的变化规律，揭示热解、阻燃和抗滴落的机理；研究聚酰胺66纤维表面涂层的组成结构对其耐久性和吸湿透气性的影响，探讨其组成、结构与性能之间的内在关系，并阐明其作用机制。本项目的实施将为高性能、阻燃聚酰胺66纤维/织物的制备提供实验基础和理论依据，有利于拓展其应用领域。

针对当前阻燃聚酰胺66（PA 66）纤维不能兼顾其舒适度、耐久性和力学性能等缺点，本项目设计合成高效的多官能度阻燃聚合物电解质和阻燃功能化改性的天然聚合物电解质，并将层层自组装技术和交联处理技术相结合，制备出高性能的阻燃PA 66纤维。具体研究成果如下：制备了UL-94 V0级的DOPO-DAAM接枝改性PA 66纤维。开发出聚电解质体系（壳聚糖、植酸和氧化海藻酸钠体系；海藻酸钠和聚乙烯亚胺体系；植酸/多聚磷酸和聚乙烯亚胺/三聚氰胺体系；聚乙烯亚胺、次磷酸化壳聚糖体系）和聚电解质和无机材料体系（壳聚糖、二氧化钛纳米管及蒙脱土体系；纳米金属氧化物（ZnO、TiO2、CeO2和NiO）、三聚氰胺、聚乙烯亚胺和植酸体系）并成功制备出多功能阻燃涂层，通过对其阻燃性能和热降解过程进行研究，揭示出不同阻燃型聚合物电解质与PA 66纤维/织物的气相和凝聚相阻燃机理的关系。开发出次磷酸交联的OSA/PEI涂层，钙、钡、镍、钴四种离子络合的海藻酸钠/聚乙烯亚胺涂层，柠檬酸交联的DOPO基衍生物涂层，通过对其组成、结构与性能研究，揭示出多官能度聚合物电解质对组装层间交联结构、耐久性和阻燃性能的影响规律。