西南少数民族传统聚落景观“遗传变异”研究

Minority traditional settlement is one of important study fields in cultural geography, historical geography and settlement geography. Under the dual pressures of urbanization and influence of foreign culture, effective cultural protection of minority traditional settlement is becoming more and more important， it is urgently required to do some in-depth studies and to develop some new theories and methods to comprehensively analyze its characters and temporal variation and spatial variation, in order to find the factors that influnece the variation, and understand their driving mechanism. The theory of landscape-gene is a new method to study the character of traditional settlement, and it is in the continuous development of the maturation. Based on the diversity of component forms and combination rules of minority traditional settlement cultural landscape in south-west China, some new concepts are proposed, such as genic variation of landcape, gene sequence of landscape, gene coding of landscape, these concepts are used to expand the theory of landscape gene.The gene sequence is a digital form of landscape gene, and it will be used to analyze the genetic variation and the driving mechanism of its influential factors. Based on the landscape gene sequence and driving mechanism analysis result, the GIS model method is hired to accomplish temporal dynamics simulation and scenario simulation.Compared to other studies, this study put more emphasis on analyzing the temporal and spatial variation of landscape genes, and the major purpose of it is to try a new quantitative analysis method to analyze traditional landscape. Based on the study fundation of our team, the major contents include:characters analysis based on "element-cell-link-shape" model, dentification method and extraction method of landscape gene, coding method and sequencing technology of landscape gene, knowledge mining and driving mechanic of genetic variation, the temporal and spatial simulation and scenario simulation of genetic variation based on GIS. The "element-cell-link-shape" model provides a new method to analyze the characters of landscape and can be used to more comprehensively extract and manage its characters in 2D and 3D dimensions. Gene coding technology can be used to convert landscape gene into a simple digital form. In order to build quantitative simulation model to simulate genic variation, some methods such as graph similarity computing, cultural conflict pressure estimation, socio-economic influence estimation, and nature environment influence estimation. Based on the analysis of correlation between factors and genic variation, the temporal and spatial simulation model can be build to model former landscape gene and it can also be used to predict the trends of landscape gene. This study is useful to understand the rule of temporal and spatial variation of different tranditional landscapes, and to provide the scientific reference for landscape protection.

传统聚落景观时空演进及其驱动机理是传统聚落景观研究领域的重大科学问题，解决的关键和难点在于传统聚落景观研究的定量化。西南少数民族传统聚落景观蕴含丰富的传统聚落景观研究典型样本，本项目以其中的特色村寨为研究对象，引入"遗传变异"、"景观基因序列"等概念，通过景观基因编码和"测序"，构造文化景观的数字形态，并用于西南少数民族传统聚落景观遗传变异规律及其驱动机理研究，通过基于GIS的时空动态模拟和情境模拟，探索传统聚落景观定量研究方法。研究内容主要包括：基于"元-胞-链-形"模型的西南少数民族传统聚落景观特征解析与景观基因识别提取；景观基因编码与景观基因"测序"；西南少数民族传统聚落景观遗传变异时空规律挖掘与驱动机理分析，驱动因子定量测度；遗传变异时空模拟和情境模拟。在把握聚落景观时空演变规律和发展趋势的基础上，分析聚落景观变异危险性，发现濒危景观单元，能够增强民族文化遗产保护的科学性和针对性。

传统聚落景观时空演进规律及其驱动机理是传统聚落景观研究领域的重大科学问题，景观基因理论是解决该问题的创新视角和理论。怎样发展景观基因理论，使其适用于区域传统聚落景观时空变化特征，以更深入理解文化的空间规律，成为了景观基因研究的关键科学问题和重要任务，而问题的解决需要融合多学科研究方法，特别是定量化和地理区划的方法。因此，本项研究进一步拓展了景观基因理论，并借鉴民族学、建筑学、人类学和地理学等相关学科的理论以及自然科学中相关技术和方法，以西南少数民族分布区传统聚落为研究对象，分析了传统聚落景观的时空格局，采用GIS空间建模技术，实现聚落景观的模拟和分区。研究所取得的重要进展和成果包括：（1）理论研究方面，进一步拓展了传统聚落景观基因理论，提出了传统聚落景观基因组及传统聚落基因组图谱的理论，构建了湖南省传统聚落景观基因组图谱，应用传统聚落景观基因组理论分析了湖南省传统聚落景观基因组的空间形态，同时，将综合评价方法引入到传统聚落景观研究中，探索了基于传统聚落景观相似性定量评价和聚类方法的区域传统聚落景观遗传变异特征分析方法；（2）技术研究方面，设计了用于传统聚落景观遥感提取的技术框架，包括基于蚁群算法的地物提取方法和基于形态学建筑指数与民居纹理的传统聚落民居识别方法，设计了优化的传统聚落民居三维建模方案，实现了传统聚落精细建模；（3）应用研究方面，结合响应式网页设计与虚拟现实技术，构建了古村古镇三维可视化展示平台、湖南省古村古镇虚拟旅游信息系统和中国历史文化名镇名村在线展示平台，实现了传统聚落文化的网络化传播。但是，由于传统聚落历史数据获取难度大，项目研究中偏重于传统聚落景观的空间遗传变异分析，后续研究应加强历史地理学领域学者的参与，开展传统聚落景观的时间动态研究，以全面掌握西南少数民族分布区传统聚落景观的时空动态特征。