机舱座垫用阻燃聚氨酯软泡的设计、制备及火安全性能研究

Facing the enhancing safety requirements of civil aviation aircraft, this project aims to solve the problem of huge release of heat and toxic smoke during the thermal degradation and combustion of flexible polyurethane (FPUF), which is used as seat cushion material in the aircraft cabin. In this project, flame retarded aeronautical FPUF with excellent performance will be designed and prepared based on the combination of mechanisms of inherent flame retardant, nano-composite, catalytic carbonization and toxicity reduction. Based on design, construction, and adjustment of flame retarded polyol and functional graphene catalytic synergist, their influence on the physical properties and durability will be researched and the structure-activity relationship will be illuminated. The effects of flame retardant polyol and catalytic synergist on pyrolysis of soft foam materials will be studied. On the basis of the generation and change of pyrolysis products under different pyrolysis conditions, the mechanism and kinetics of thermal decomposition will be explored. Besides, under different combustion conditions, the combustion behavior of FPUF with different composition and structure will be throughly investigated. The release of heat, evolution of toxic smoke and formation of char layer generated during the combustion process will be studied and the related mechanisms will be revealed. Then the safety evaluation method for FPUF seat cushion material under different combustion conditions will be established. Based on the above analysis, the internal connection among microscopic pyrolysis, combustion reaction mechanism and macroscopical fire safety will be discussed. Finally, the optimization design scheme for high performance flame retarded aeronautical FPUF will be put forward, which will additionally provide theoretical and experimental evidence for high performance aeronautical composite.

本项目面向民航飞机的重大安全需求，针对机舱封闭受限空间内座垫用聚氨酯软泡材料在热解和燃烧时释放大量热量和有毒烟气的火灾危害，结合本质阻燃、纳米复合、催化成炭以及催化减毒的耦合作用机制，制备几种本征阻燃聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料。研究设计、构筑和调控阻燃多元醇和功能化石墨烯纳米催化协效剂的结构组成对聚氨酯软泡物理性能及回弹耐久性能的影响，阐明其构-效关系；研究阻燃多元醇与催化协效剂对软泡材料的热解过程影响，分析不同热解条件下热解产物的生成与演变规律，并探究热解机理；研究聚氨酯软泡材料在不同燃烧工况条件的燃烧行为，分析燃烧热释放、烟气生成以及炭层变化规律，建立不同工况条件下的座垫软泡火安全评价方法；探讨材料的宏观火安全性与微观热解和燃烧反应机理间的本质联系，提出火安全性优良的聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料的优化设计方案，为高性能聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料的应用提供理论和实验依据。

本项目面向民航飞机的重大安全需求，针对机舱封闭受限空间内座垫用聚氨酯软泡材料在热解和燃烧时释放大量热量和有毒烟气的火灾危害，结合本质阻燃、纳米复合、催化成炭以及催化减毒的耦合作用机制，制备本征阻燃聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料。研究设计、构筑和调控阻燃多元醇和功能化石墨烯纳米催化协效剂的结构组成对聚氨酯软泡物理性能及回弹耐久性能的影响，阐明其构-效关系；研究阻燃多元醇与催化协效剂对软泡材料的热解过程影响，分析不同热解条件下热解产物的生成与演变规律，并探究热解机理；研究聚氨酯软泡材料在不同燃烧工况条件的燃烧行为，分析燃烧热释放、烟气生成以及炭层变化规律，建立不同工况条件下的座垫软泡火安全评价方法；探讨材料的宏观火安全性与微观热解和燃烧反应机理间的本质联系，提出火安全性优良的聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料的优化设计方案，为高性能聚氨酯基软泡机舱座垫材料的应用提供理论和实验依据。研究结果表明含磷二元醇DH-DOPO使得聚氨酯软泡材料达到自熄，本质阻燃与二维片层杂化材料显著降低聚氨酯软泡材料燃烧过程中的热释放和有毒烟气的释放量，提高了聚氨酯软泡材料的火安全性能；且阻燃后的聚氨酯软泡材料的压缩强度、回弹性及耐久性都大幅提高。该项目为聚氨酯软泡基机舱坐垫材料奠定了一定的理论和实验依据，拓展了聚氨酯基软泡材料的应用范围。