生物防治重要天敌蒲螨科的分类与修订

Forest and fruit trees are important natural resources that help maintain ecological balances in China. Insect pests carving tunnels in trees have caused rampant damage resulting in death of trees on a massive scale, which has attracted the attention of the Government who highly values the importance of such pest control in safeguarding the biosecurity of the land and promoting the sustainable development of the economy. However, chemical control against such pests is not effective due to the conceived nature of these insects, and also causes environmental pollution. In 1991, the applicant discovered pyemotid mites as natural enemies of conceived and aggregated insect pests that are difficult to control, and was the first to conduct survey of resources of this family of mites in China, with studies on both systematics and application of these mites. After 26 years of research by the applicant and colleagues in China, pyemotid mites have become the commonmeans of biological control for Insect pests carving tunnels. However, due to major flaws in the classification of this mite family, it is hard to define new species. Also species names are chaotic, and there are a large number of mixed populations. These resulted in the slow discovery of resources, and have become major obstacles to the application and development of these mites. Classification is the basis of the application—its accuracy depends on the accurate identification of the species and accurate production of research results. Therefore, it is urgent to innovate the systematics and revision of the family Pyemotidae, and to establish a new morphological classification system, including 3-4 genera, based on molecular phylogeny of species. This will lay a solid foundation for discovering pyemotid mite species that are adapted to different ecotypes and pest species, and can play a role in the prevention and treatment of major pests.

森林、果树是维护我国生态平衡的重要生态资源,蛀干害虫猖獗危害已导致成片死亡,其严重性已引起政府高度重视,将其防治放到了保卫国土生态安全和促进国民经济持续发展的高度。但其隐蔽性危害导致化学防治难以奏效,并引发环境污染。1991年,申请者首次在我国发现了寄生隐蔽性和密集型危害的难防害虫的重要天敌蒲螨,率先开展了资源、分类和应用研究,经26年同行专家研究和应用,已成功用于蛀干害虫控制。然而,由于原分类系统存在严重缺陷,致使新种难以定位,种名混乱,出现大量混合种群,资源发掘缓慢,成为阻碍蒲螨应用和发展的重大科学难题。众所周知,准确分类是天敌应用的基础。因此,迫切需要对蒲螨的分类系统深入研究,在此基础上,修订、重建形态分类体系,辅以分子生物学技术,通过特定DNA片段,明确种间亲缘关系,探索以3-4个属为基础，新建蒲螨科,为发掘适应不同生态域和害虫的蒲螨种类,发挥其在蛀干害虫防治中的作用奠定科学基础。

蒲螨科（Pyemotidae）全部种类均为昆虫外寄生螨。因其对害虫具有较高的寄生率而有很广的应用前景。但面临的问题是一些特有种类的分类和鉴定不明确，早期文献中种类的描述缺乏系统性、完整性，迫切需要一个新的蒲螨科分类系统。本项目立足于发掘我国蒲螨资源，从创新蒲螨分类系统入手，建立新的蒲螨科形态描述体系，通过对已发表种类进行形态特征的归纳，划分成不同的类群，然后利用我国的资源（活体）进行分子生物学试验，揭示蒲螨不同类群间的形态与亲缘关系，以此为依据将蒲螨科由单一属科，构建成多属科，并建立适用的属种检索表，规范蒲螨科的分类系统，为蒲螨资源的发掘和应用奠定坚实的科学基础。结果表明：1. 初步鉴定和发现中国蒲螨科20个新种。2. 明确了我国蒲螨资源十分丰富，是隐蔽性危害的害虫（天牛、吉丁虫、长蠹、小蠹、象甲等害虫）的重要天敌，发现了一个极有应用价值的新种，其发育起点低，适合低温环境释放。3.创建了蒲螨科新的分类体系，针对形态上的5个类群，运用ITS2核糖体片段进行了分子系统构建，根据基因的差异率比较和分子系统进化树聚类分析，最终确定了蒲螨科目前存在4个属，即将原来的蒲螨属（Pyemotes）分成了4个属，新建了3个新属，保留1原属属名蒲螨属（Pyemotes）。并将已发表种类按照新分类系统进行归类和检索。4.首次对蒲螨线粒体全基因组进行了测试分析，这项研究的开展不仅能够使蒲螨科属间和种间的亲缘关系更加清晰，同时揭示了形态分化的时间进程和趋势。.本次基于形态和分子证据的蒲螨科分类体系的建立，将成为蒲螨资源发掘和应用研究的基石，并将创造出更多的基于蒲螨的生物防治技术，在隐蔽性、钻蛀性害虫控制中发挥更大的作用。因此该项目的完成对于促进我国生物防治学科和蜱螨学发展，具有重大的科学意义和应用价值。