历史制度主义视角下中国特色城市规划体系的演进与变革：以控规的引入为切入点

One of the distinctive features of China’s urban planning system is that it has not only survived but also thrived through both a strict commanding economy and the market reform, a system that has had even greater impacts in shaping built environment as well as facilitating China’s socio-economic development. The reform discourse and its institutionalization has been instrumental in the transformation of contemporary Chinese urban planning system, including its theories and methodology. The project is to examine the early reform initiatives and practices in major pioneer Chinese cities, e.g. Shanghai and Wenzhou, based on a historical institutionalist research paradigm, and to install a concrete international comparative study between China and Russia, the latter which is the only other strong alternative planning system that has had great influence over China and is facing yet similar challenges and transitions. The research assumes that the evolution and reformation of Chinese urban planning system carries clear characteristics of “path dependence”, which has created a highly hybrid system with conflicts and compromises between its instrumentality in growth and professional rationales of public intervention or control. The project shall not only shed light on how history, institution, culture and importing new concepts had shaped the path of Chinese urban planning development, but also attempt to disclose the system’s structural link to the country’s political, social, and economic development.

什么是中国特色的城市规划体系？这种特色从何而来？我们如何评价所谓中国规划的“三个春天”之间的历史递进与变革的关系？该体系与城市发展、城市治理和国家政治经济运行的结构性关系如何伴随着历史进程产生互动和演变？它与社会联接的关键节点与危机爆发的脆弱点在何处？本研究拟借鉴历史制度主义研究范式，通过历史、制度、技术与文化四个变量观察分析当代中国规划体系的历史演进和变革，以改革开放初期控制性详细规划的引入为切入点，通过上海与温州等地的实证研究，和中俄规划体系同样是面临市场化改革转型的国际比较，去尝试回答如上宏大然而基本的研究问题，剖析中国规划制度和技术演进与社会-经济-文化的互动，厘清具有中国特色的规划理论与方法的发展脉络，从路径依赖角度分析其发展演进规律，包括计划与市场经济体制下促增长的技术工具理性，与社会管控和公共干预理性之间的冲突与折衷，从而为中国规划未来的创新发展提供基础理论支撑。

研究尝试从历史制度主义研究方法获得借鉴，以中国规划体系适应市场化改革的转型过程为研究对象，从国家与地方两个层次、制度与技术的双重视角，基于上海、深圳、温州、武汉等规划先锋城市进行深入的实证调研，开展了对控制性详细规划技术的引进与发展、控规制度的创新与扩散、规划体系及实施过程的地方差异等系列研究。课题完成了详尽的国家、省以及地级市以上的控规相关法律法规、规范性文件的收集、分类和整理，也对八十年代以来城市规划与开发建设典型案例，如温州旧改、上海虹桥与陆家嘴新区、深圳经济特区核心区、武汉生态保护、吉林滨江城市设计管控等，所涉及的亲历者、尤其是规划师和管理者、开发者开展了多视角访谈及档案挖掘，从政治学、历史学、空间经济学、规划学的交叉学科视角完成了丰富的研究成果。课题研究指出了中国规划体系从计划经济建制中传承的强烈技术传统对改革开放以来规划管理制度建构的影响，并剖析了伴随城市政府自主决策权的上升、规划管理对城市开发市场的影响力不断扩大，其地方规划体系所面临自上而下和自内而外的规范化趋向时的丰富互动及地方差异性。研究对于认识中国特色城市规划体系的形成、转型和重塑提供了丰富的历史研究素材，对理解中国的城市政治、规划文化及城市开发建设历程具有重大贡献。更进一步的研究发现和发表有待未来持续开展。