设计要素协同作用下的寒冷地区住区室外环境多目标优化研究

Under the background of global climate change and rapid urbanization, the urban environmental problems are becoming increasingly severe in China. Especially in cold zones, frequent air pollution in winter is urgently needed to be improved. At present, there are some problems in the related research of microclimate, such as single evaluation index and neglect of inter factor interaction. In this research, the design method of outdoor space of residential area with high efficiency to regulate microclimate in cold zones is put forward with the key point of factor synergic action. First, we should collect design information in typical residential areas in cold zones, test microclimate, determine the key factors affecting microclimate through statistical regression analysis, and then establish the abstract models of residential group. Secondly, combined with the orthogonal test method and numerical simulation, we should simulate the multi factor variable of microclimate of the abstract models, quantitatively analyze the relationship between the spatial morphological elements, the landscape environment elements, the underlying surface types and the outdoor thermal environment and the air quality, determine reasonable threshold of key design elements, and clarify the interaction between key design elements and the mechanism of synergic action. Finally, put microclimate index together with the use weight of space by weighting, based on outdoor thermal comfort and air quality indicators, we should comprehensively evaluate the simulation results, establish the holistic optimization method of the outdoor microclimate in residential areas in cold zones based on factor synergic action. The implementation of this research will provide a scientific basis and a way for the improvement of the outdoor environment in cold zones.

在全球气候变化和快速城市化背景下，我国城市环境问题日益严峻，寒冷地区冬季频发空气重污染现象亟待改善。当前微气候环境相关研究存在评价指标单一，忽视要素间联动作用的问题。本项目以要素协同作用为切入点，针对寒冷地区提出高效调节微气候的住区外部空间设计方法。首先，进行典型住区设计信息搜集和微气候现场测试，通过统计回归分析，确定影响微气候的关键性要素，并依此建立住区组团抽象模型；其次，结合正交试验法与数值模拟，对住区抽象模型分组进行微气候多因素变量模拟研究，定量分析住区空间形态要素、景观环境要素、下垫面类型与室外热环境和空气质量的关系，确定关键性设计要素的合理阈值，阐明关键性设计要素交互作用及其协同效应机制；最后，加权叠加微气候指标与空间使用权重，从舒适度和空气质量方面综合评价住区室外环境，建构要素协同的住区微气候环境整体性优化方法。本项目的实施将为改善寒冷地区住区微气候环境提供科学依据与思路。

我国城市环境问题日益严峻，寒冷地区冬季频发空气重污染现象亟待改善。当前微气候环境相关研究存在评价指标单一，忽视要素间联动作用的问题。本项目以提升热舒适和改善空气质量为综合目标，开展寒冷地区住区室外微气候环境整体性优化研究。首先，通过住区微气候现场测试采集气象参数及颗粒物浓度数据，结合舒适度问卷调查，利用Rayman模型计算住区舒适度指标PET，利用冠层分析系统与图像语义分割计算住区建筑、绿化设计参数。通过数理统计分析，建立住区建筑、绿地布局与室外热环境及空气质量的关联，证实了天空视图因子SVF与PET关联度最高，而植物视图因子TVF与PM2.5关联度最高。进一步，通过中介效应分析，明确绿化指标对微气候舒适性的多途径调控机制，其中绿视率GVI主要通过76.7%的间接影响和23.3%的直接影响共同调控舒适度，植物视图因子TVF则主要通过87.9%的间接影响，直接影响不显著。其次，利用ArcGIS和Fragstats软件进行郑州住区设计信息提取，形成高层住区标准化抽象模型，明确设计要素常见参数范围，借助ENVI-met进行热环境和污染物扩散模拟，探究住区空间形态与绿化布局对微气候的影响差异，得到空间形态要素中建筑高度对PET的影响最大，绿地布局要素中绿地面积对住区整体颗粒物浓度及分布均匀程度的影响最大。进而结合正交试验法，进行住区微气候多因素变量模拟研究，采用直观分析法和方差分析法，探讨各要素全天及分时段对微气候的影响差异及显著性，并量化影响程度，发现提高绿地率对PET和PM2.5均有积极影响，而建筑高度和建筑间距对两试验指标作用相反，方案寻优时需权衡二者利弊寻找平衡点；各要素贡献率存在时段性差异，其中建筑高度全天及各时段贡献率均超过50%。最后，结合熵权法与归一化方法，得到PET和PM2.5的影响权重分别为44.4%和55.6%，综合考虑居民户外活动时段性特征，计算各方案微气候环境综合值，依此进行方案排序及优先级评定，并总结住区微气候环境多目标优化方法及设计策略，协助推动实现住区微气候环境的整体性优化。