空气颗粒物暴露致儿童神经损伤的标识物分析及应用研究

Air pollutants include a variety of ingredients, among them, particular matters at micro- and sub - micron meter scale damages human health severely. Existing studies have verified the negative effects of the particles on children's multiple functions. For evaluation of neural injury induced by particulate matters exposure in children, first, our research group will carry out several researches for determination of particular matters, i.e. preparation of functional nanofibers, investigation of their composition, morphology and the appearance chemical characteristics on the performance of the fibers, development of methods for sampling and analysis of air particular matters. Then we will research on the determination of biomarkers of effect induced by air pollution and biomarkers related to neural functional activity. In order to assess the exposure to air pollution, children residing in high-exposure and low-exposure area are to be recruited. Then their noninvasive biological samples (breathing gases, saliva, and urine) are to be collected and analyzed by proposed methods. Meanwhile, the participants will also take several mental tests and behavioral questionnaires. Finally, the detection data and the mental test data are analyzed to discuss the relationship between biomarkers and children's neural function and to develop the methods for assessment of effects of air particular matters on neural injury in children.

空气污染物包括多种成分，其中粒径在微米、亚微米级别的颗粒物对人体有较大危害，多项研究证实空气颗粒物暴露对儿童多个功能有影响。本课题拟开展污染物暴露相关标识物和神经功能评价相关标志物分析方法研究，进而可同时监测空气颗粒物的成分和颗粒物暴露标志物水平以及评价儿童神经功能。首先，研制纳米纤维空气采样膜，并对材料进行表征和性能考察，建立空气颗粒采样和成分分析方法；然后，针对人体呼吸气体、唾液、尿液中暴露标志物和神经活性相关标志物开展分析方法研究；其次，选定污染程度高、低不同区域，以学龄前儿童为受试人群，检测其污染暴露、体内各生物标志物水平，同时收集社会环境和行为调查信息；最后将检测数据与心理行为数据进行统计分析，考察空气颗粒物损害儿童神经系统功能的量-效关系，建立相应的综合效应评价方法。

自主研发了多种纳米纤维新材料，利用新材料的新物性首次创建了基于纳米纤维滤膜的空气颗粒物高效采样富集技术，攻克了空气样品采样效率低，前处理繁琐的难题。建立了基于纳米纤维固相萃取前处理的空气中污染物，包括多环芳烃（16种）和塑化剂（6种）以及重金属（主要是铅、砷、镉、汞4种）检测方法。针对尿液、唾液和粪便样本建立了人体应激反应相关的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、蓝斑-交感-肾上腺髓质系统、微生物-肠-脑轴以及氧化应激系统相关的40多种指标检测方法。完成了近300人的两个儿童人群的现场研究，分别是3月龄婴儿和学龄前6-7岁儿童，每个年龄组都来自于苏州市的污染程度不同的两个城区。收集尿液、唾液和婴儿粪便以及母亲乳汁样品，同时监测空气中重金属和多环芳烃以及塑化剂污染状况，检测生物样本中多种目标物，包括唾液ɑ-淀粉酶、糖皮质激素、单胺类神经递质及其代谢物、短链脂肪酸、吲哚类代谢物等，还包括谷胱甘肽等氧化应激标志物和DNA和RNA损伤标志物等几十个指标。经过数据分析和统计处理，关联分析环境污染数据和人体样本检测数据，并利用量表对儿童行为进行分析，筛选出一组空气颗粒污染暴露后潜在的反映儿童神经损伤生物指标。研究表明空气颗粒污染导致的微小的环境变化就会给儿童神经发育及健康带来显著的影响，不仅改变儿童体内生化指标，也已经影响到脑功能层次进而影响儿童的行为。