治理网络对海湾环境治理绩效的影响机制及制度重构――以美国坦帕湾和中国象山港为例

The environmental governance of the Gulf is a process from the state command-controlled management to the network-based governance. Which are the governance network parameters that affect the performance of the Gulf environmental governance and how the environmental governance of the Gulf is affected by the interaction of network participants? It is an important part of the comparative research on the management of the marine environment Under the different political and administrative systems and different “State and society” relationship. Firstly，it based on the six gulf environmental governance networks of Tampa Bay in the United States and Xiangshangang Bay in China, the proposal constructs a comparative analysis framework of gulf environmental governance network from the perspective of the identity and power relationship of governance network participants, encodes the document, material and data from Field investigation to form a gulf environment Governance Network Map. Secondly, it constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system to evaluate the overall governance performance and Goal-Achievement Analysis to Special environmental governance performance. Then it discusses the power relations, trust foundation and influence of the key actors in the two types of marine environment governance. Thirdly, through the analysis of the governance parameters influencing the performance of Gulf environmental governance in different types of governance networks, this paper explores the influencing mechanisms of the policy evaluation, cooperative behavior and governance performance of the environmental governance actors in the Gulf on the choice of action stages and partners in order to construct Influence mechanism analysis model of "networks factors-actor interaction-governance performance" Gulf environmental governance performance analysis. At last, through the comparative study between China and the United States, the institution reconstruction of improving the performance of China's Gulf environmental governance is carried out from two aspects of overall environmental governance and Special environmental governance in the Gulf.

海湾环境治理是从国家命令－控制式管理不断地向网络化治理转变的过程。不同的政治、行政体制和“国家-社会”关系下海湾环境治理绩效受哪些网络参数影响，并如何通过网络参与者的互动行为影响治理绩效？以美国坦帕湾和中国象山港6个海湾环境治理网络为研究对象，从网络参与者身份和权力关系出发，构建海湾环境治理网络比较分析框架；对文件、资料和实地调研数据进行编码，形成海湾环境治理网络图，分析各类网络参数，并探讨两类海湾环境治理中关键行动者的权力关系、信任基础和影响力；按综合与专项海洋环境治理分别建立治理绩效的测度体系；构建治理网络中“影响因素—互动行为—治理绩效”的海湾环境治理绩效影响机制分析模型；分析同构/异构治理网络中影响海湾环境治理绩效的网络参数，并探讨行动舞台和合作伙伴的选择对海湾环境治理行动者的政策评价、合作行为和治理绩效的影响机制。基于此，重构提升海湾环境治理绩效的制度体系。

本项目通过分析不同类型海湾环境治理网络，构建“网络内部特征—网络外部环境”研究框架，探讨了网络结构、网络负载、网络资金、网络社会经济地位对地方政府海湾环境治理绩效的联动效应及其路径选择；海洋环境治理强调多治理主体参与和整合协调，突出特征是跨界合作治理，未来应整合督察与常规治理机制、地方政府间的利益协调机制以及通过技术赋能加强NGO的参与，从而优化整体协作机制；对于政策目标明确、手段模糊且须整合多方利益主体的治理问题，坦帕湾河口计划采用的项目制则更加可取；我国的海湾水环境治理可选定某个适当的政府层级，而其他层级政府则采用委托授权的方式。治理过程要整合科研与管理、多层级政府及其部门以及各类组织和个体；东海海洋环境治理绩效水平时空分异明显，应因地制宜地进行精准化、多样化、差异化的治理与优化，减轻人类过度活动所造成的区域压力、强化正向干扰和响应力度；跨域海岸带治理是解决区域海岸带生态环境问题的有效模式，其有效性取决于多元治理主体间的利益均衡与协同式决策；通过对温州蓝色海湾治理模式的总结，提出了通过典型海湾整治行动以点带面，推进浙江蓝色生态文明建设，打通“两山”转换新通道，形成海湾治理的浙江“示范窗口”。