静电纺丝制备纳米复合材料及其环境应用研究

Widely application of nano materials has posed a serious threat to our environment. To develop a cost-effective and practical method for the nano composite modified with uniformly dispersed and stable nanoparticles can not only enable the nano materials preform their synergy effects, but also save the application cost and reduce the loss of loaded nanoparticles during use. This has been regarded as an important route to develop the sustainable nano science and technology in the future. Electrospinning is a new technology for nano fiber preparation. The nanofibers prepared with electrospinning are with the characteristics of integrated molding, various options for precursors, strong controllability, large surface area and good stability. An electrospun nanofiber mat is an ideal load skeleton for nano particles. In this proposal, electrospinning technique will be applied to explore a new preparation method for nano composites. The stability and the release behaviors of the loaded nano particles on nanofiber mat will be studied by the nano analysis methods. With mercury and arsenic as typical pollutants, the prepared composite will be tried to capture different species of arsenic and mercury in different phases. The potential application of the composite for mercury and arsenic removal will be evaluated. The catalytic and antibacterial properties of the prepared composite will also be tested to check the multifunctional applications. The composites will be characterized by various instruments before and after use. The possible mechanism of adsorption will be discussed. This study is expected to develop a new method for the preparation of nano composites which is more stable and safer compared with the conventional chemical methods. The potential results can provide important reference information for the sustainable development of nano science and technology.

纳米材料的广泛应用造成了潜在的环境威胁，寻找一种成本适中、结合牢固而又分散均匀的金属纳米颗粒分散固载方法即可充分发挥纳米材料的协同效应，又可节省应用成本、减少使用过程负载纳米颗粒流失，是未来发展绿色纳米科技的重要途径。静电纺丝是一种新型纳米纤维制备技术，具有一体化成型的特点，所制备材料前驱物可选范围宽，可控性强，比表面积大、稳定性好，是较理想的纳米材料负载骨架。该项目通过静电纺丝技术探索制备纳米复合材料制备新方法，并通过纳米分析手段，研究纳米颗粒物的稳定性和释放行为；以汞、砷为模型污染物，详细考察所制备纳米复合材料在脱除不同形态砷汞、催化、抑菌方面的多功能应用特性；采用仪器表征手段对所制备材料进行表征，探讨复合材料微观结构与其环境应用特性的关系。研究有望为发展新型、高效复合纳米材料制备方法、开发更加安全、绿色的环境纳米材料提供重要参考。

金属纳米材料具备许多独特的物理化学性质，应用广泛，但在实际应用过程中易团聚，降低了单体本征性能，阻碍功能发挥，影响实际使用效果，增加应用成本，同时还容易造成新的生态环境问题。因此，通过载体分散纳米颗粒是克服团聚、改善效果、获得稳定负载纳米材料的有效方法，其关键是寻找理想的支载材料和稳定的制备手段，在使纳米颗粒充分分散，保持本征纳米特性的同时，具有易回收、多功能、低流失、可再生的特点。静电纺丝作为一种有效的直接、连续制备亚微米及纳米级纤维技术，装置简单、操作简便、可纺底物种类繁多。该项目通过静电纺丝技术成功将纳米银、纳米零价铁、纳米氧化铈、MOFs分散于纳米纤维中，建立了制备金属纳米复合材料新方法，获得了结构稳定的复合纳米纤维材料和碳纳米纤维复合材料，并采用仪器对制备材料的形貌结构进行了表征；通过对所制备纳米复合材料所负载纳米颗粒在水中的释放行为进行考察，对比研究了静电纺丝与传统化学合成所制备复合材料中纳米颗粒的流失状况差异，验证了静电纺丝制备牢固纳米复合材料的可靠性。以不同形态砷汞和水体染料为模型，研究材料的吸附和催化性能。结果表明，所制备的材料具有高效吸附脱除能力和催化性能以及很好的再生循环使用能力，并成功将所制备的纳米复合材料用于了硼氢化物水解产氢和有机污染物降解耦合产氢。研究将助力能源环境健康发展，更为绿色可持续纳米技术发展提供了新的思路和重要参考。