藻类生物膜制备与其脱氮除磷机理研究

Problems of environmental pollution and eutrophication forced a number of countries and regions to make strict standards of nitrogen, phosphorus emissions, which technology of removing nitrogen and phosphorus has been become a hot topic in the field of wastewater treatment. Sewage effluent after conventional treatment, nitrogen and phosphorus index greatly exceeds the eutrophication threshold concentration. It must be of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. With the deepening of the research of Microbiology, technology of removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algae has been attracted more and more scholars to pay close attention and take seriously. But suspended algae biomass collection difficulty and the cost of fixed algae technology, removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algae biofilm technology become a new research hot spot. The subject is about study on algal biofilm preparation technology and its mechanism of removing nitrogen and phosphorus, the first filter out the best algae strains or algae strain combinations at removing nitrogen and phosphorus, then preparing algal biofilm to research on relationships of algal biofilm and algal biofilm carrier, algal biofilm activity and mechanism of removin nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater, and finally designed and built algal biofilm reactor to study the relationship of the algal biofilm reactor operating parameters and effect of removing nitrogen and phosphorus, in order to obtain optimal operation parameters of removing nitrogen and phosphorus using algal biofilm, to provide a new technical ideas and ways to explore efficient and economical of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. At the same time, to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the algal biofilm follow-up study and application. Therefore, the research has very important theory significance and application value.

环境污染和水体富营养化问题的尖锐化迫使越来越多的国家和地区制定严格的氮、磷排放标准，这也使污水脱氮除磷的技术一度成为污水处理领域的热点和难点。污水经常规活性污泥法等二级处理后，出水总氮和总磷含量大大超过了富营养化的临界浓度，所以必须进行脱氮除磷处理。随着微生物学研究的不断深入，藻类生物脱氮除磷技术越来越受到学者的关注和重视。由于悬浮藻系统具有生物量收集难、固定藻技术成本高等局限，藻类生物膜脱氮除磷成为一个全新的研究课题。本课题主要研究藻类生物膜制备技术和其脱氮除磷机理，首先筛选出氮磷处理能力强的藻株或藻株组合，然后研究藻类生物膜制备技术，研究藻类生物膜与载体的关系、膜活性和氮磷迁移转化机制，最后构建藻类膜生物反应器，考察藻类生物膜反应装置运行参数与氮磷去除效果的影响关系，为藻类生物膜技术后续研究和应用提供理论基础和技术支撑。因此，开展本课题研究具有十分重要的理论意义和应用价值。

环境污染和水体富营养化问题的尖锐化迫使氮、磷排放标准日益严格，这也使藻类生物脱氮除磷技术越来越受到学者的关注和重视。由于悬浮藻系统具有生物量收集难、固定藻技术成本高等局限，藻类膜脱氮除磷成为一个全新的研究课题。. 本课题筛选出氮磷处理能力强的藻株，制备了藻类膜，并且研究了藻类膜与载体的关系、膜活性和氮磷迁移转化机制；最后构建藻类膜反应器，考察藻类膜反应装置运行参数与氮磷去除效果的影响关系。通过四年的大量实验研究，取得了较丰富的成果和翔实数据，重要结果、关键数据包括：①斜生栅藻、水华鱼腥藻和阿氏颤藻为适宜的挂膜藻株；通过SEM分析发现，藻类膜厚度约为100μm，其表面呈四通八达的网状结构；藻细胞分子式为C106.03H191.06O71.52N13.73PS0.35。②藻类膜DHA含量与N、P及COD去除存在良好的线性关系，在一定程度上可以通过DHA来衡量藻类膜对废水中TP、NH3-N、COD的去除能力。③藻类膜对不同形态氮磷化合物的优先利用顺序为：氨氮>尿素态氮>亚硝态氮≈硝态氮，正磷酸盐>偏磷酸盐≈焦磷酸盐>有机磷酸盐。④藻类存在超量吸磷现象，藻细胞总磷占细胞干重达到1.58%，大于理论值的0.87%。⑤藻类初始接种浓度在一定范围内影响藻类膜脱氮除磷能力，当超过一定范围时，藻类细胞产生“自影响”现象。⑥当溶液pH为10时，藻类膜脱氮除磷达到最佳效果；同步去除氨氮与磷酸盐的最优氮磷比为10:1；氮磷比及饥饿度对藻类膜EPS和DHA的产量影响较大；有机碳源添加有利于藻类膜脱氮除磷。⑦光照是藻类生长的必要条件，不同光暗比对藻类膜污水脱氮除磷能力影响较大，连续光照条件可明显提高藻类膜的脱氮除磷效果。⑧藻细胞的多糖、脂肪酸、蛋白质以及磷脂等都参与了藻类膜对氮、磷的吸附吸收过程；藻细胞表面对磷的吸附符合Langmuir等温式。⑨藻类膜工艺系统对低氮、磷营养物质的湖泊水具有良好的去除效果及运行稳定性和抗冲击性。. 本课题的研究成果为藻类膜技术后续研究提供了理论基础和科学依据，对藻类膜技术发展具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。