东方蝙蝠通勤路径选择的影响机制

Movement route selection in animals has been a hot topic in ecology and conservation biology in recent years. Commuting routes depict the daily passway exploited by animals for travel between roost and foraging areas, which have profound influence on the maintaince of individual fitness, population stability, and community balance. Previous researches investigate the role of route straightness, landmark, wind direction, and human disturbance in the choice of commuting routes among diurnal species, respectively. This, however, leads to our limited understanding of the key factors involved in commuting route selection in nocturnal animals. Here, we use Asian particoloured bats as a model to assess the mechanisms underlying commuting route selection in bats, using miniature GPS track, ultrasonic recording, infrared technology, environmental monitoring, and field playback experiment. We characterize multiple factors in commuting and non-commuting routes of bats, including route straightness, landscape feature, wind direction, level of traffic noise, traffic flow, level of artificial light, and the number of people. We explore the optimization and ecological adaptation of bat commuting routes in comparison with non-commuting routes, and quantify the relative contributions of predictor factors to route selection in bats within a study framework. These results would uncover the intrinsic and extrinsic reasons behind the choice of commuting routes in bats, supporting ecological adaptation of bats in response to natural and artificial environment. Our findings would broaden the study content and theory of bat movement ecology, providing a theoretical guide for the conservation of bat species diversity.

动物运动路径的选择日益成为生态学与保护生物学研究热点。通勤路径是动物往返栖息地与觅食地的日常通道，对于维持个体适合度、种群稳定及群落平衡至关重要。先前研究主要聚焦昼行性物种，单独检验路径平直度、路标、风向及人为干扰对动物通勤路径选择的影响，无法量化因子的相对作用，难以解释夜行性动物通勤路径选择，导致研究结果存在片面性和局限性。本项目以夜行性东方蝙蝠作为研究对象，利用微型GPS跟踪、超声录制、红外监控、环境监测及回放技术，整合通勤路径与非通勤路径的平直度、景观特征、风向、交通噪声强度、车流量、灯光强度及人群数量，在相同研究框架，探索蝙蝠通勤路径选择的影响机制。我们利用蝙蝠非通勤路径作为对照，检验蝙蝠通勤路径的优化与生态适应，并量化因子的相对作用。项目结果能够揭示蝙蝠通勤路径选择的内因和外因，阐明蝙蝠响应自然与人工环境的生态适应，丰富蝙蝠运动生态学研究内容与理论。

通勤行为是动物往返栖息地与觅食地的运动，对于维持个体适合度和种群稳定至关重要。目前，有关动物通勤行为的影响机制被普遍忽视。本项目以菲菊头蝠和东方蝙蝠作为研究对象，探究蝙蝠通勤行为的影响机制。整合声音录制与回放、高速红外热成像、粪便DNA测序及昆虫诱捕技术，在蝙蝠通勤路径操控灯光、环境噪声、种内求救叫声及回声定位声波，监测蝙蝠的通勤与觅食活动。研究发现：（1）白色灯光是可靠的捕食风险线索，能够引起捕食恐惧效应，抑制菲菊头蝠的通勤活动、降低觅食机遇；（2）白色、红色、黄色、绿色及蓝色的灯光诱导东方蝙蝠增加回声定位发声、引起警惕反应，致使其减少觅食时间和食物消耗，并且红光和绿光的负面效应尤为明显；（3）在集群栖息地外播放强降雨噪声，菲菊头蝠的通勤次数和回声定位脉冲数量减少，集群通勤时间延迟。在室内播放交通噪声，东方蝙蝠的注意力被分散，回声定位脉冲数量和爬行次数增加，觅食时间延长、觅食效率降低；（4）菲菊头蝠的回声定位声波对同种个体通勤行为并无显著影响；（5）菲菊头蝠的求救叫声诱导同种个体增加通勤次数、滞留数量和回声定位脉冲数量，引起靠近和躲避反应，表明蝙蝠的求救叫声能够指示捕食风险；（6）菲菊头蝠的通勤活动也受到夜间风速和温度的制约。研究结果支持捕食风险假说、噪声干扰假说和天气依赖假说，表明蝙蝠的通勤行为受到灯光、求救信号、环境噪声及天气因子的综合作用。研究结果阐明蝙蝠通勤行为的生态机制，揭示蝙蝠响应人类与自然选择压力的行为适应，丰富了蝙蝠运动生态学研究理论，为全球城市化背景下蝙蝠物种多样性保育提供科学依据。