石油化工控制室蒸气云爆炸破坏机理及抗爆设计方法研究

Vapor cloud explosion disaster in petrochemical engineering has caused great attention and high priority from all walks of life. However, the current“Specification for design of blast resistant control building in petrochemical industry” there are many urgent problems and the basis of the problem to be solved. Calculation model of gas cloud explosion load, failure mode and damage assessment of anti - explosion wall, failure mechanism and collapse mode of control room, energy absorption mechanism of aluminum matrix syntactic foams sandwich anti - explosion wall have been applied in the related research work. By combining the gas explosion test and finite element simulation analysis software, the characteristics of shock wave in gas explosion under complex environment are studied, a simplified model for describing overpressure and impulse acting on control room and structural member is established. This paper revealed the damage and failure mechanism of the anti-explosion wall, established the damage assessment method of the anti-explosive structural component, and put forward the performance-based anti-explosion design method. The influence of the bearing angle and ductility ratio on the anti-collapse ability of the control room is studied, and the anti-collapse design method of the control room is established. Based on the energy theory, the mechanism of energy dissipation of aluminum matrix syntactic foams sandwich anti - explosion wall under explosion is explored, and the optimal design theory and protective measures of control room are proposed. The research provided scientific basis and key theoretical support for perfecting the specification for design of anti - explosion design of control room, safe production of petrochemical industry and avoiding major explosion accident.

石化工程中蒸气云爆炸灾害已经引起各界高度重视，现行《石油化工控制室抗爆设计规范》存在诸多亟待解决的理论与基础问题，结合正在进行的相关研究工作，围绕气云爆炸荷载计算模型、抗爆墙失效模式与损伤评估、控制室破坏机理与倒塌模式以及铝基复合泡沫夹芯抗爆墙耗能吸能机理等关键科学问题，通过气体爆炸试验，结合多尺度有限元模拟分析，研究复杂环境下气云爆炸冲击波特性，建立描述作用于控制室及结构构件上的超压与冲量简化模型；揭示抗爆墙损伤及失效机理，确立抗爆结构构件损伤评估方法，提出基于性能的抗爆设计方法；阐明控制室整体破坏机理，研究支座转角和延性比对控制室抗倒塌能力的影响，建立控制室抗倒塌设计方法；基于能量理论，探索铝基泡沫夹芯抗爆墙在爆炸作用下耗能吸能机制，提出控制室优化设计理论及防护措施，为进一步完善我国现行控制室抗爆设计规范，确保我国石油化工行业生产安全，避免重大火灾爆炸事故提供科学依据和关键理论支持。

石油化学工业是基础性产业，在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。本项目基于石油化工领域的安全防护要求，开展了石化工程结构在气云爆炸荷载作用下的抗爆设计方法研究。首先，结合气云爆炸试验与流场模型系统研究了风速、障碍物规模等因素对泄露后形成的气云浓度场分布的影响，在得到的气云浓度场的基础上点火进行分析计算，提出了峰值超压简化计算公式；其次，在考虑泄露的可燃气云爆炸影响下，阐明钢制储罐在爆炸荷载作用下的失效模式和破坏机理；然后，研究了铝基复合泡沫在不同应变率作用下的力学性能及吸能性能，并建立了基于试验数据的铝基复合泡沫本构关系方程；最后，通过建立石化控制室精细化有限元仿真模型，揭示了爆炸荷载作用下控制室的损伤特点与整体失效模式。对比分析了复合泡沫防护层对控制室整体的安全防护效果，提出了基于能量理论的优化设计方法。本项目所取得的研究成果对石化工业结构的抗爆设计具有重要现实意义。同时，发展新型吸能缓冲材料制备高性能复合结构，解决这类构件的设计理论和抗爆工程应用，具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。