危险化学品爆炸作用下轻钢结构破坏机理与抗爆措施研究

China has become a major country in the production and utilization of hazardous chemicals. In recent years, explosion incidents of hazardous chemicals frequently took place which have caused huge casualties and property loss. Lightweight steel structure, including portal frame, spatial lattice structure and steel truss, has become the main structure type for storage of hazardous chemicals. Generally, these storage warehouses are located in the concentrated area. Once accidental explosion of hazardous chemicals occur, it will not only severely damage the warehouse, but also lead to the damage or even progressive collapse of the surrounding structures due to the blast wave and ground vibration generated from the explosion, which would increase the extent of the disaster. In this project, a more effective methodology to determine the equivalent blast load of typical hazardous chemicals will be proposed through theoretical analysis, numerical simulations and experimental tests. Based on the proposed equivalent blast load model, dynamic responses of storage warehouse and the surrounding lightweight steel structures are studied, and the results are further summarized to reveal the failure mechanism of lightweight steel structures under such blast loads. Finally, new blast resistant measures for light weight steel structure will be established, which includes new types of blast resistant joints and protective structures. The achievements of the project could not only provide technical support for regional planning of hazardous chemical storage, but also used for deign of lightweight steel structure to resist blast load and progressive collapse. The research achievements can also be used in developing the code for design of civil building structures against blast loads.

我国已成为危险化学品生产和应用大国，近几年来危险化学品爆炸事件连续发生，造成了重大的经济损失和人员伤亡。危险化学品存储仓库结构多采用门式刚架、网格结构和钢桁架等轻钢结构形式，并集中建设在某一仓库区域。一旦发生意外爆炸，不仅会造成危险化学品存储仓库的严重破坏，产生的爆炸冲击波及地面震动还会造成周边建筑结构的破坏甚至连续倒塌，进一步加大灾害的程度。本项目拟采用理论分析、数值模拟与试验研究相结合的方法，确定更为准确的典型危险化学品的等效爆炸荷载；分析等效爆炸荷载作用下危险化学品存储仓库及周边建筑轻钢结构的响应，总结其动态响应规律和破坏特征，揭示危险化学品爆炸作用下轻钢结构的破坏机理；通过研发新型抗爆节点和新型防护结构，提出轻钢结构防爆技术措施。研究成果将为危险化学品仓库的区域规划、轻钢结构的抗爆和防连续倒塌设计提供技术支持，为课题组参加编写的《民用建筑结构抗爆设计规范》提供依据。

危险化学品爆炸事故时有发生，给国民经济和人民生命安全带来了巨大损失。事故现场调查表明轻钢结构在爆炸荷载作用下破坏严重，因此本项目采用理论分析、数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法，系统开展了危险化学品爆炸作用下轻钢结构上爆炸荷载模型、轻钢结构的动力响应与破坏机理以及防爆措施等方面的研究工作，主要研究内容及成果如下：.（1）研究了危化品爆炸下作用于轻钢结构的爆炸荷载特性及分布规律，提出了危化品爆炸荷载的高效数值模拟方法，从而建立了轻钢结构迎爆面及坡屋面的爆炸荷载简化模型。.（2）基于所提出的爆炸荷载简化模型，数值模拟分析了门式刚架、平面桁架和空间桁架典型轻钢结构在危化品爆炸下的动力响应和倒塌破坏过程，得到了三种典型轻钢结构的破坏模式及薄弱部位，揭示了危化品爆炸下轻钢结构倒塌破坏机理，提出了有抗爆要求轻钢结构的设计建议。.（3）研究了轻钢结构围护部件常用的夹芯板、隔墙粘土砖砌体在爆炸下的破坏模式及加固防爆措施。基于夹芯板墙的破坏模式提出了将柱间交叉支撑兼做防爆拉杆的加固措施；试验研究了粘土砖砌体在爆炸高应变率下的动力抗压、抗拉强度；试验研究了应变率效应对冲击防护涂料聚脲力学性能受的影响规律及机理。.（4）建议了轻钢结构抗爆设计方法。建议了轻钢结构抗爆设计的荷载效应组合和钢材的动态强度，以及轻钢结构关键构件抗爆设计的具体验算要求及构造措施。.上述研究成果可用于轻钢结构的抗爆设计，提升轻钢结构的抗爆性能，从而提高轻钢结构的安全性，具有较高的理论价值和工程应用前景。