云南拉沙山滇金丝猴对孤立生境的行为响应研究

Habitat fragmentation and loss (HFL) is the main factor for biodiversity loss and extinction of species, and key research spot of conservation biology is understand effect of HFL on animal and behavioral responses of animal to HFL. Primates are one of the most severely and typically influenced by HFL, as a result, half of world primate’s species suffer threat from HFL. There are two mayor studies areas were paid attention that effect of HFL on primates and behavioral response of primates to HFL, one is population dynamic (population density and population size), the other is behavioral (diet, home range use and time budget) response of primates to HEL. However, those study subjects are primate’s species with small population size, small home range size and high proportion of leaves in diet, and different primate’s species do not response to HFL in the same way. Therefore, general conclusions from those primates’ species are not suitable to conservation strategies of other primate species, such as Rhinopithecus spp. those with complex society, great population size, large home range and special diet. This project will study behavioral responses of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to HEL via the method of population ecology and behavioral ecology, in order to understand the pattern of population dynamic and behavioral response of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey to isolated and fragmented habitat in Mt Lasha, Yunnan. In addition, potential suitable habitat will be evaluated by GIS technology and habitat sampling data, the project will useful for rational approach to expansion of home range and communication between populations in the future and provide theory supports for conservation of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey.

生境破碎化和丧失是生物多样性减少和物种灭绝的主要因素，理解生境破碎化的影响和生物的响应是保护生物学的研究热点。灵长类物种受到生境破碎化的影响最为严重和典型，全世界50%灵长类物种都受到生境破碎化和丧失的威胁。目前有关灵长类对破碎化生境行为适应的研究主要集中在2个方面，1) 种群密度和数量，2) 行为适应 (食性、家域、时间分配调节)。然而有关灵长类对破碎化生境行为响应的结论都来自种群小，家域小，叶食比例高的物种，这些研究反映灵长类物种对于破碎化生境的行为响应并不一致，而且现有的结论不适用于指导社会体系复杂、种群数量大、家域大、食性特化等特性的物种。因此，本项目以滇金丝猴为例开展灵长类对破碎化生境的行为响应研究，阐明孤立生境下滇金丝猴种群动态规律和行为响应机制。同时基于GIS技术和生境取样，评价孤立生境周围潜在适宜生境，探讨未来家域扩展和种群间交流的途径，为滇金丝猴的保护和管理提供科学依据。

滇金丝猴为中国特有种，为云岭山系旗舰物种，然而人类活动导致种群减少、生境破碎化和丧失。了解滇金丝猴对破碎化孤立生境的行为响应，对该物种及区域生态保护极为重要。本项目开展了云岭自然保护区拉沙山滇金丝猴对孤立生境的行为响应研究，完成了滇金丝猴种群动态及分群机制和行为对于孤立生境的响应两个目标，并获得以下结果：.1) 基于长期监测数据揭示孤立生境下珍稀濒危灵长类物种滇金丝猴种群数量增加 (90 vs 260只)，至最后分群，来适应孤立生境的胁迫；滇金丝猴倾向于增加繁殖单元内雌性数量和繁殖单元总个体数，可能与对提升受限资源竞争力有关。虽然种群数量不断增加，但是拉沙山滇金丝猴种群的繁殖率呈下降趋势，繁殖率下降50%，这可能与猴群处于破碎化孤立生境有关。.2) 从纵向 (单点多年监测比较) 和横向 (不同群单年监测比较) 的摄食投入比较都发现孤立生境下拉沙山滇金丝猴种群受到的环境胁迫，增加取食和移动时间，减少休息时间。从日移动距离来看，随着种群数量增加，不同季节的日移动距离都在下降，但在第四年时不同季节的日移动距离都显著增加，可能受种群增加和孤立生境的双重作用导致其增加投入。因此，纵向和横向比较更全面反应孤立生境下滇金丝猴的行为响应。.本项目基于10年种群动态和行为监测，揭示孤立生境下滇金丝猴从种群数量和繁殖单元变化模式，摄食投入和日移动距离的行为响应策略。研究结果将为破碎化生境下滇金丝猴生境恢复和廊道建设提供支持，为人类干扰下珍稀濒危灵长类的保护与管理提供借鉴。.