拉沙山滇金丝猴对森林植物的种子传播及二者的互作关系

Primates are among the most important seed disperse in their habitat like birds and bats, while studies on function of seed dispersal of them are later beginning than the other animal’s groups. As a result, most of them are focus on limit to distribution regions and functional group of primates, firstly, primates distributed in tropical and neotropical regions obtained mostly attention of seed dispersal. Secondly, our knowledge of seed dispersal pattern mostly come from frugivorous primates, such as Gibbon and Macaques, while that of colobines remains rudimentary. Therefore, seed dispersal pattern and its effectives of colobines in temperature regions will increase our understanding seed dispersal effective of primates. Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) one of colobine primates species in temperature regions with special dietary, large group size, large home range size, and long daily traveling distance. Rhinopithecus bieti highly relied on lichens, but they spent 15% of their feeding time on fruits, including 19 plants species. Which indicated that R. bieti should be an important seed disperser in temperature regions. There is no any knowledge of seed dispersal pattern of R. bieti recently, eve throng, it was the first-class national protected animals of China. We will collect data of activity budget, diet, present of feces with seeds and germination of seeds, to evaluate the seed dispersal effective of R. bieti, and the effect of seed dispersal on plant regeneration in Mt. Lash, Yunnan, China. We also want to illumination of effect of passage and microbiology on germination of seeds in R. bieti, using experiment of seeds germination with and without microbiology nutrient medium. This will increase our understanding the knowledge of seed dispersal pattern and effective in colobines, and the relationship as well as co-evolution between animal and plant.

灵长类是森林三大类 (鸟类、蝙蝠和灵长类) 果食性的种子传播者之一，然而对其种子传播功能的研究比鸟类和蝙蝠起步晚。灵长类种子传播研究因地理区域和功能类群的差异而有所偏倚，地理区域上，更多关注热带和新热带物种，极少研究关注温带灵长类的种子传播；功能类群上，则多关注果食性高的长臂猿和猕猴，极少研究关注疣猴类动物。故温带地区疣猴类动物的种子传播行为及其有效性研究将丰富灵长类种子传播服务功能的认识。国家一级保护动物滇金丝猴为温带疣猴类动物，前期发现其以地衣为主食，但夏秋季果实取食比例达15%，为潜在种子传播者；本项目基于滇金丝猴的食性及粪便种子及其萌发率，阐明滇金丝猴对温带森林植被演替的贡献；同时以滇金丝猴为例开展灵长类种子消化道传播模式的机制研究，探讨不同处理粪便培养基对种子萌发的影响，结果阐明滇金丝猴肠道消化和肠道微生物对种子传播有效性的影响，为温带灵长类与植物之间的协同进化理论提供新视角。

灵长类动物是三大种子传播的动物类群之一，然而国内外对灵长类研究重点关注热带物种和果食性灵长类，对于叶食性灵长类关注极少，且对于灵长类消化道促进种子传播的机制缺乏研究。温带灵长类的种子传播有效性研究有助于了解灵长类对于温带森林生态系统更新的影响，本项目选择温带珍稀濒危灵长类滇金丝猴为研究对象，开展滇金丝猴种子传播数量 (物种数、残留比例和滞留时间) 和传播机制 (如何促进种子萌发) 等研究。本项目确定了温带森林生态系统珍稀濒危灵长类滇金丝猴有种子传播的生态功能，通过直接观察法确定滇金丝猴取食13种果实，鉴定出粪便残留种子18种，结合两种方法确定滇金丝猴通过消化道可传播的植物种子有20种。滇金丝猴消化道种子滞留时间为36.7小时，种子的残留比例为18.5%，这表明滇金丝猴可远距离将植物种子带离母树。滇金丝猴种子传播在栖息地的分布模式不同，过夜地和午休地是种子集中分布区域。滇金丝猴过夜地新增幼苗和种子库物种等都高于对照地，且过夜地土壤理化性质指标高于对照地，说明滇金丝猴的存在增加过夜地幼苗物种数和种子库物种数，同时改变土壤的肥力。.滇金丝猴种子萌发机制研究中发现滇金丝猴仅能将种子带离母树，并不能提升传播种子的萌发率。通过种子萌发实验，发现滇金丝猴消化道和肠道微生物不能促进种子的萌发，却滇金丝猴粪便浸出液抑制了自然种子的萌发。因此，可初步确定滇金丝猴种子传播机制仅体现在将种子搬离母树，滇金丝猴通过消化道作用和肠道微生物作用不能提升种子萌发率。.总之，本项目完成滇金丝猴种子传播有效性研究，确定滇金丝猴可传播的物种数，及潜在的传播距离和传播数量。初步理清滇金丝猴种子传播机制即其种子传播起到搬运种子的功能，未发现有提升种子萌发率的作用。研究结果将支持从种子传播的生态功能视角呼吁滇金丝猴的保护，改变以往认为灵长类动物种子传播可提升种子萌发的观点。