陕西省洛南县辣子洞绿松石采矿遗址综合研究

As one of gemstones,turquoise was wide used in neolithic age to bronze age in the world,there were hundreds archaeological sits unearthed turquoise relics allover China. The provenances have been followed with interest for long time but not rightly confirmed.The applicant recognised a large scal turquoise mining site named Laziya in Luonan County，Shaanxi province, and collected some 500 hunderds stone hammers and early pottery pieces which preliminarily indicated the mining activity was hold between the neolithic to bronze ages.This subject will carry out the following works: The firstwork will continue the field investigation and excavation to obtain further archaeological evidences for typology analyses and scientific dating, revealthe questions sach as how many mining ruins there are and how long they were operated and so on. The second work will focus the analyses of Pb,Sr,H,Cu,O istopes and trace elements on the turquoise samples collected from Laziya Site and othe mining regions in Hubei and Shaanxi provinces that were supposed to be provenances in the history of China.Through the this work,a effective istopes and trace elements assemble will select as model for the further works. The third work will use the model built above to analyses the turquoise fragments unearthed from the sites in Shaanxi ang Henan provinces such as the Erlitou Site,the most important site in Chinese archaeology of neolthic to bronze ages which unearthed a large scal turquoise workshop with thousand pieces of turquoise.In order to avoid error causeed by the weathering,a method or rule of sampling wiil build throug the comparing between the analyses on the turquoise and its weathered offspring. The final work will summarize all the field findings and all the analysese results to give a groupe of scientific arguments for rebuilding the turquoise industury and its trade lines. The is believed that the newest achievement of this subject will supply high significance support to the discussion on the Chinees civilization beginning and early developing.

绿松石是新石器时代至青铜时代及历史时期广泛使用的宝玉石矿产资源之一，在我国早期遗址中有数量较多的出土，其具体产地一直为学界所关注与探索但尚无确切认定。申请者等在调查陕西省东部古代矿冶遗址过程中认定了洛南县辣子崖洞穴为绿松石矿开采遗址，并采集到大量的采矿石器、陶片、绿松石标本等实物证据，初步确认了其新石器时代至青铜时代的年代属性。本申请将在已有工作的基础上，开展对辣子崖遗址的进一步田野调查，对重点遗迹进行考古发掘，通过陶器类型学分析和碳十四年代测定判明其考古学文化及年代属性，通过对绿松石及其伴生脉石的多种同位素及微量元素的分析判明其产地特征，与二里头等重要遗址出土的绿松石制品的同类检测数据进行比较，进而判明辣子崖所产绿松石的流布范围，揭示从绿松石产地到使用地的产业链条，为探讨因珍稀矿产资源的利用所形成的产业对各考古学文化之间的交流、融合及中原地区文明化进程的推动作用提供科学论据。

本项目将古代绿松石采矿遗址、出土绿松石和现代矿区绿松石三者检测数据相衔接开展了产源研究。主要成果如下：.1、对洛南辣子崖绿松石采矿遗址群进行了调查和发掘，获得大量采矿工具、陶片、绿松石等发掘品。依据陶器类型学与碳十四测年，判断其年代始于新石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期，延续到春秋时期。.考察了东秦岭地区四处其它绿松石矿并提取了大量样品。.2、采用PXRF无损、LA-ICP-AES微损检测对辣子崖等五个不同产地绿松石样品，发现不同矿点所产绿松石样品在某些元素含量方面存在差异，确定了具有产源特征的元素组合。.测试了五处矿区绿松石铅、锶同位素比值，发现207Pb/208Pb比值可以0.410为界划分为两个集团，陕西洛南、白河处在0.410以下，其它产地的处在0.410以上。五个矿区87Sr/86Sr比值，以0.7105为界可划分为两个集团，竹山、淅川87Sr/86Sr数值处在0.7105以下，而其它三个产地处在0.7105以上。铅、锶同位素基本上能到达不同产地区分的目的，至此建立起不同产地绿松石的区分模型。.3、对8处先秦遗址的128件绿松石进行检测，与5处绿松石矿源的数据进行比较发现：下靳墓地有3处矿源，两处指向竹山喇嘛洞和洛南辣子崖。陶寺遗址的产源特殊且复杂，大多数矿源未知。二里头遗址大部分指向洛南辣子崖。盘龙城遗址、殷墟、闰楼遗址及西周早期叶家山墓地出土绿松石矿源均较复杂。中霍墓地绿松石有3处不同的矿源，其中两处矿源指向竹山喇嘛洞和洛南辣子崖。.4、鉴于检测发现还有未知产源的绿松石，本项目又对新疆和安徽马鞍山绿松石矿进行了考察取样。在哈密发现认定了二处绿松石采矿遗址，年代为距今2500-3000年，其产源特征与中原五处绿松石矿有明显差异。项目还对世界最早出土绿松石的河南舞阳贾湖遗址的样品进行了初步无损检测，发现其产源特征与马鞍山绿松石矿接近。