村庄治理视角下农地产权状态、农地流转契约结构与农业经营绩效：影响机制与政策设计

The scale of farmland transfer has increased rapidly in recent years, but the contract structure of farmland transfer is not functioning well. On the one hand, voluntary farmland transfer contracts are segmented seriously; on the other hand, farmland transfer contracts promoted by local governments violate the wishes of farmers. The underdevelopment of transfer contracts, rather than transfer scale, prohibits further agricultural scale management. Chinese government has implemented the new round of registration and certification of farmland rights and "Three rights division" policy in order to improve the institutional environment of farmland transfer. However, there exists strong endogenous impact mechanisms among village governance rules, national farmland property rights system and transfer contract structure, which determine jointly farmland transfer efficiency and agricultural management performance. This project aims at investigating the impact mechanism of village governance rules and farmland property rights system on farmland tenure status, and the impact mechanism of village governance rules and farmland tenure status on farmland transfer contract structure, from the perspective of village governance. Based on this analysis, the project also examines the effect of various contract structures on agricultural management performance, and provides some suggestions for adjusting farmland property rights system and farmland transfer contracts. The research methods used in the project consist of transaction cost model, game model, econometric model, case analysis method, and so on. The conclusions obtained in this study will provide scientific suggestions and implications for future farmland transfer policy reforms.

近年来农地流转规模快速提升，但是农地流转契约结构不完善，体现为农民自愿流转契约的市场分割特征与政府强制流转契约违背农民意愿现象并存，阻碍了农业规模经营。虽然国家希望通过新一轮农村土地确权登记和“三权分置”政策来完善农地流转的制度环境，但是村庄治理规则与国家土地产权制度、农地流转契约结构间存在内生的关联机制，共同影响农地流转效率和农业经营绩效。鉴于此，本项目旨在从村庄治理视角出发，剖析村庄治理规则、国家层面的农地产权制度对农地产权状态的影响机制，以及村庄治理规则和农地产权状态对农地流转契约结构的作用机制，进而检验差别化的村庄治理下涌现的农地流转契约结构对农业经营绩效的影响，探索因地制宜地优化农地产权制度和农地流转契约结构的政策设计。本项目将综合应用交易成本模型、博弈模型、计量经济学模型、生物—经济模型、案例分析方法等理论与经验研究方法，研究结论将为我国农地流转政策创新提供科学依据。

虽然国家通过新一轮农村土地确权登记和“三权分置”政策完善了农地流转的制度环境，但仍然存在农地流转市场不完善，阻碍农地流转效率和农业经营绩效问题。本项目利用实地调查数据从理论和实证层面检验了国家产权制度、村庄治理规则对农地产权状态、农地市场化配置的影响机制，以及引致的土地经营行为及绩效。核心发现：（1）农地产权制度设计通过制度实施机制和主体认同机制两个途径与村庄治理中的非正式治理规则、基层社会自治规则发生交织，共同形塑了农地产权状态，表现为实际层面和感知层面的权利束配置和权利项的安全；（2）农地产权安全与完整水平、村庄自治规则、社会关系等村庄非正式规则均可以通过降低交易成本的途径，显著提升农户进行土地流转的积极性和规范性，促使农户选择流转土地给亲属或熟人之外的交易对象；（3）单位土地面积的化肥投入受到土地流转的影响，农户保护性耕作技术采纳行为容易受到政策工具和农户的家庭资源禀赋条件、从众心理、信息获取渠道等因素的影响；（4）产权安全能够显著提升农业生产效率，村庄自治规则可以优化土地资源分配，启动重要的调剂效应；（5）农地流转和规模经营可以通过专业化效应提高农业环境效率，但也会因为增加化肥和机械投入强度负向影响农业环境效率和土壤质量。政策启示表现为：（1）全面厘清农地“三权分置”制度下的权利主体和权能范围；（2）鼓励地方多样化实践，丰富农村土地“三权分置”的有效实现形式；（3）激发村集体的引导功能，发挥农村土地集体所有的制度优势；（4）继续因地适宜地稳慎推进农地流转市场发育，尤其是提升市场的规范性；（5）落实和完善农村土地产权制度改革的配套措施，充分释放改革效果。.本项目在研究内容上充分考虑了村庄治理中的正式规则、非正式规则和国家产权制度对农地产权状态和农地流转市场的影响机制，同时关注了土地经营行为的影响因素，并从生产效率、环境影响和土地质量三方面考察了规模经营绩效，弥补了现有研究的不足；在方法上，综合了经济学和社会学方法，融合国家统计数据、研究团队自身调查数据和其他机构调查数据，同时坚持科学机制研究和政策应用研究相结合。项目成果将为我国农地制度改革政策和土地流转市场发育政策提供科学依据。依托该项目共发表论文21篇，出版专著1本，撰写政策应用性文章3篇，参加国际学术会议7次，国内会议10次，培养2名师资博士后和10余名研究生，产生较好的社会影响和学术影响。