矿井地震精细探查与重大灾害源识别理论与方法

As major disasters of coal mine in China, mine water bursting and coal & gas outbursting are closely related to mine geological structures. Small structures in coal seam will always be key parts of mine geology, as well as constraints of coal mine safety. Though 3D seismic exploration can geologically support mining area design and working face layout, when seismic method be used to detect small structures in the coal seam, faults and joint fissure for example , the measure range should be reduced in order to improve the resolution. This project, concerning a kind of mine seismic exploration technology which could be used in deep mine, has been put forward to solve such problems. Based on the tunneling craft mentioned in the new national Coal Mine Safety Regulations, Coal Mine Water Prevention and Control Regulations and Coa l& Gas Outburst Control Regulations since 2009, in the research process of fine seismic exploration theory and method, spaces in both the boreholes and the roadways will be used. Physical models as well as mathematical models will be built, and 3D3C seismic structural exploration and seismic lithological exploration will be referenced to study the borehole-roadway detecting system. Full space seismic detecting method（contains reflection method, transmission method and seismic while drilling), multiwave inversion (contains longitudinal wave, transverse wave, channel wave, and converted wave) method, and multisource(contains vibrations and fluctuations) detecting techniques are the main contents of the research. Taking coal-air-water seismic physical effect as keystone, the seismic detecting mechanism of small structures(including the tectonic coal and fractures channel ) will be studied to quantitatively analyze the major disaster sources. High resolution mine seismic detecting theory and method will be put formed with all the hard work, which will effectively guarantee coal mine from water bursting as well as coal & gas bursting.

煤与瓦斯突出和矿井突水作为煤矿重大灾害都与地质构造相关。小构造不仅是矿井地质的关键要素而且是煤矿安全的制约因素。地面三维地震勘探技术为采区设计和工作面布置提供地质保障，而对于煤层内部的小断层和节理裂隙的探查，受地面分辨率限制，需要地震技术全面进入矿井深部。本项目依据2009年以来新版的煤矿防突规定、煤矿防治水规定和煤矿安全规程的巷道掘进工艺，利用矿井巷道和钻孔空间，建立物理模型和数值模型，研究矿井地震精细探查的机理和方法。借鉴地面3D3C构造地震勘探和岩性地震勘探的成果，开展巷孔地震观测系统研究；开展地下全空间地震探测方法（反射、透射、随钻地震）的研究；进行多波反演（纵波、横波、槽波、转换波）及多源（震动、波动）探测技术的研究。以研究煤-气-水地震物理效应为核心，研究精细查明矿井小构造(构造煤及裂隙通道)的地震机理，达到定量识别煤矿重大灾害源的目的，形成高分辨矿井地震探测理论和方法。

矿井突水、煤与瓦斯突出等矿井重大灾害都与煤层小构造密切相关，在地面三维地震勘探中，对于尺度在1m左右的小断层几乎难以分辨；利用矿井采掘巷道及钻孔等地下空间，进行矿井地震勘探研究，精细探查这些地质异常是煤矿安全生产的重大技术需求。项目研究内容与成果包括：①全空间弹性波波场特征研究，进行矿井全空间三分量时域波场极化分析，验算椭球极化滤波算法和动态极化偏移方法；进行巷巷、巷孔、孔孔多种矿井可用空间组合的地震波场数值模拟研究；②推导验算等效偏移距的多波波场延拓方法，形成矿井巷道前方共散射点道集、速度剖面与散射成像技术；③考虑检波器灵敏度方向因子，进行矿井多波透射、反射与散射的精细反演模拟研究；④按照相似比理论，在室内搭建3种不同强度的混凝土异常的物理模型，研究煤-气-水地震物理效应；建造大尺度的土建模型，模拟陷落柱与小断层，进行体波、转换波、透射、反射及散射波的联合反演；⑤研究配置320道矿用本安型地震设备系统，并在安徽、山西、黑龙江等15个矿井研究巷道典型波场特征，对比体波成像、槽波成像、转换波成像以及联合成像的实际矿井全空间三分量成像方法（3D3C），形成矿井全空间地震采集、处理、反演系统。⑥通过巷道反射地震成像，结合矿井直流电法和瞬变电磁法，给出煤层底板灰岩水的定量探查方法与预测模型；⑦通过巷道多波地震超前探测，结合巷道电磁法与瓦斯环境参数，提出掘进巷道煤与瓦斯突出超前探查方法；⑧研制配置三分量测震、测斜随钻地质编录系统，精细划分厘米级的地质异常，初步形成随钻地震超前探测技术（4D3C）；⑨基于地面三维地震信息，研究弹性波阻抗反演技术、各向异性技术，提出煤与瓦斯突出、灰岩水害预测与评价的地震属性方法。项目形成矿井地震全空间多波精细勘探理论与方法，形成针对灰岩水与瓦斯灾害的矿井地震勘探技术，编制并颁布国家能源行业标准6部，对于煤矿地质灾害防治和矿井地球物理学科发展具有重大意义。