中国近代建筑彩画特征及其保护技术研究 ——以1920-40年代南京、北京为例

During the transformation of architecture in Modern China, great numbers of colored-paintings were adopted in the architecture of ‘Chinese inherent form’, inaugurating a new system of decorative paintings in modern architecture, diverging from the traditional one, which made the significant representation of heritage value of modern architecture. As almost a century passing by, most modern decorative paintings have reached their life expectancies. Decorative paintings on the surface of architectural components are suffering from the increasingly aggravating damages of cracking, pulverization and rottenness caused by the aging of modern architecture materials and discoloring of pigments. The key points and difficulties of heritage protection for decorative paintings in modern architecture are how to accurately analyze damage types, the levels of damages and the degeneration mechanism, so as to guide the first-aid renovation practices according to the scientific research outcomes. This research, selecting over one-hundred representative decorative paintings from modern architecture in Nanjing and Beijing, built from the 1920s to 1940s, intends to study the transformations in patterns and themes of decorative paintings in modern architecture from dimensions of history, culture and politics, building up database of ‘forms of new decorative paintings in modern architecture’, drawing ‘illustrated handbook of decorative paintings in modern architecture’, pinpointing the characteristics of decorative paintings in modern architecture, providing references for renovating defected decorative paintings and creating new ones. Through building up the illustrated archive of decorative paintings damage types in modern architecture, this research analyzes the degeneration mechanism of pigments from the perspectives of material load-bearing, interface science, and proposes technical supports for decorative painting renovation, based on the study of discoloring mechanism conducted through pigment aging experiments, filling the deficiency in the theories of modern architecture history.

近代中国建筑转型之际，“中国固有之形式”建筑多利用彩画作为装饰，开创了有异于传统彩画的近代建筑新彩画体系，成为近代建筑遗产价值的重要表征。时近百年，近代彩画寿命多已达上限。材料机理老化、颜料褪变色等因素，致使构件表面的彩画随之开裂、粉化、朽坏等病害日益加剧。如何准确判断彩画病害类型，分析病害程度及其退变机理，以科学研究成果指导抢救性修缮实践，成为近代建筑彩画遗产保护中的重点和难点。.课题选取1920-40年代南京、北京近百座建筑典型彩画案例，基于历史、文化、政治角度研究彩画纹样、题材的转型特征，建立近代建筑新彩画形制数据库、绘制“近代建筑彩画图版”,明确中国近代建筑彩画形制特征，为缺损彩画修复及新彩画绘制提供依据。通过建立近代建筑彩画病害图谱，从材料受力、界面科学角度，进行材料退化机理分析；从颜料层老化试验进行褪变色机制研究，为彩画遗产保护提供技术支持，补充近代建筑历史理论研究的缺环。

近代中国建筑转型之际， “中国固有之形式”建筑多利用彩画作为装饰，开创了有异于传统彩画的近代建筑新彩画，成为近代建筑遗产价值的重要表征。时近百年，近代彩画寿命多已达上限。如何准确判断彩画病害类型，科学指导修缮实践，是近代建筑彩画遗产保护的重点。.本研究以历史研究、精细测绘、科学研究为基础，对南京、北京、上海三座典型城市为主的百余座近代建筑彩画进行了全面调查和深入分析。主要完成了：对饰有彩画的近代建筑类型特征及“传统装饰物”彩画在近代建筑的作用研究；近代建筑彩画纹样、题材、设色工艺的转型特征；近代彩画基层结构与地仗层材料特征以及彩画病害类型及其成因研究。.研究撰写并提交了《中国近代建筑彩画研究》书稿；完成了“典型中国近代建筑彩画图版”、“典型中国近代建筑彩画病害图谱”、“南京典型近代建筑彩画测绘图集”整理，公开发表期刊论文5篇，培养硕士研究生4名，完成应用实践2项。有些后续研究仍在进行，如专著的出版，新设备对彩画的检测监测，以及彩画修缮项目设计与施工指导。研究成果为缺失彩画的修复以及新彩画的绘制提供技术与理论依据，填补了中国近代建筑彩画研究与保护的空白。