高强度开采地表生态环境演变机理与调控

The damages to surface ecology due to large scale, high intensity, and high efficiency coal mining in China are very severe. It is therefore very important to investigate the fundamental mechanisms of surface ecological evolution in order to prevent or reduce the adverse effects of high intensity coal mining..This research used the Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield as a typical study site where surface ecology was very fragile. It employed careful surface exploration such as multi-period remote sensing interpretation. 3S and 3D laser scanning techniques were used to study systematically the surface damage characteristics and features of the effects on surface ecology. The mechanisms of ecological evolution induced by high intensity coal mining was investigated further by in-depth analyses of overburden damage, surface movement, soil disturbance, loss of ground and surface waters, and vegetation degradation. The results were used to study the ecological evolution due to various mining conditions and establish a time-space relationship model between ecological evolution and coal mining. The ecology early warning mechanisms were explored and the ecology evolution mechanisms and its control methods were proposed. The results can be used to promote harmonious development between high intensity coal mining and surface ecology.

我国煤炭资源大规模、高强度、高效率开采诱发的矿区生态环境灾害问题十分严重，研究高强度开采矿区生态环境演变机理与调控基础理论对预防和减轻高强度开采对生态环境的破坏具有重要意义。本项目以神府东胜生态脆弱区为典型研究区，利用野外样地调查、多时段遥感解译等方法，并借助“3S”技术及三维激光扫描技术，系统研究高强度开采矿区地表破坏特征与生态环境响应特征，并从覆岩破坏与地表移动、土壤破坏、水分胁迫、植被退化多角度深入探讨高强度开采矿区生态环境演变机理。在此基础上，深入研究不同开采条件下生态环境演变规律，构建生态环境演变与煤炭开采的时空关系模型，探索高强度开采影响下矿区生态环境演变预警机制，提出有针对性的矿区生态环境演变调控技术理论，促进高强度煤炭开采与地表生态环境协调发展。

我国煤炭资源大规模、高强度开采诱发的矿区生态环境灾害问题十分严重，本项目选择神府东胜生态脆弱区为典型研究区，主要研究了高强度开采引起的矿区生态环境演变的机理与调控基础理论，覆岩与地表破坏特征与生态环境响应特征，生态环境演变与煤炭开采的时空关系，矿区生态环境演变预警机制及调控技术理论。其研究结论如下：. （1）通过建立观测站现场观测、室内相似模拟实验、数值模拟分析，研究给出了高强度开采地表非连续变形破坏特征及地表移动规律与参数，得出了覆岩破坏、地表破坏与工作面顶板运动之间的耦合关系，提出了覆岩破断“弹性薄板+压力平行拱”组合模式，建立了基于GA-SVR的采动覆岩裂隙带高度预测模型和地表非连续破坏预测模型。. （2）结合野外调查、土壤水分动态监测、同位素137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀以及遥感解译，分析了地表生态环境演变的空间格局特征，系统研究了矿区土壤退化的置前效应与驱动机理、开采沉陷对土壤特性和植物群落的水分胁迫效应、基于NDVI、NPP的矿区植被响应指征。. （3）采用多模式、多尺度、多时相遥感数据处理的时空分析方法，利用高分辨SAR的相位测量和相干测量，研究了典型工作面开采的宏观地表移动变化规律；分析了神东矿区植被净初级生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征，归一化植被指数（NDVI）的时空变化、开采强度和气候效应；建立了反映矿区植被生理变化的遥感植被指数时空变化数学模型。. （4）结合工程地质和开采沉陷的影响因素, 建立了煤矿区开采沉陷引发环境损害预警的指标体系和基于AHP-可拓理论的煤矿区生态环境损害动态预警模型；将条带开采的工作面布置方式与短壁柱式旺格维利高效采煤工艺相结合，研究了条带式旺格维利采煤技术及布置方式；结合开采损害的类型、特征，提出了沙漠地貌区枝条扦插格网技术的生态重建技术模式。. 该研究是对开采沉陷相关理论的补充和完善, 对预防和减轻高强度开采对生态环境的破坏具有重要意义，对实现煤炭绿色高效开采，加快矿区生态文明建设进程具有重要意义。