高速道岔磨耗非接触数字化测量系统的建模与算法研究

Railway switch has its importance on trains moving performance and driving safety as key equipment on the railway line. High-speed switch influences the safety and comfortableness of trains greatly as crucial parts of high-speed and passenger special railway track structure. Due to the complexity of tongue rail, nose rail and frog, it is difficult to describe the wear of switch intuitively with the measurement results from general calipers. Thus, current measurement equipment and methods cannot fulfill the requirement of high-speed switch wear. To resolve above problems in high-speed switch wear measurement, a non-contact digital high-speed switch wear measurement system is proposed. The theoretical model of the system is established based on conformal geometric algebra, and the uniform description of geometrical objects, geometrical transform and geometrical relationship in the system are presented. On this basis, the 3D point clouds reconstruction of the system high-speed switch is studied, and the work tread is recognized by the Fourier descriptor based conformal geometric algebra from the point clouds. By the comparison between the constructed work tread and standard CAD design model, the measurement of high-speed switch is implemented. It provides the theoretical support and technical storage for the evaluation of comfortableness and safety of the high-speed switch. Simultaneously, there are also significance for the monitoring and measurement for other important parts of high-speed railway track on both theory and engineering aspects.

道岔是铁路线路的关键设备，对列车的通过性能和行车安全起着重要的作用。高速道岔作为高速铁路和客运专线轨道结构的关键, 对列车运行安全和运行品质具有重大影响。由于高速道岔的尖轨、心轨和辙叉的工作踏面曲面的复杂性，使通常的卡尺检测的结果难以直观地描述道岔的磨耗，现有的测量设备和方法已不能满足当前高速道岔磨耗检测的要求。本项目针对高速道岔磨耗测量的需求，提出一种高速道岔非接触数字化测量系统，以共形几何代数为工具建立高速道岔磨耗检测系统理论模型，给出系统中几何对象、几何变换和几何关系的统一表达。在此基础上研究高速道岔的三维重建，通过基于共形几何代数的傅里叶描述算子，实现高速道岔工作踏面特征的提取，并将构建的三维模型与高速道岔的设计模型进行比较，完成高速道岔磨耗的测量，为评价高速道岔的舒适性和安全性提供理论支持和技术储备，同时对高铁轨道其它关键零部件结构的测量与监控也具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。

本项目针对高速道岔磨耗测量的需求，提出一种高速道岔非接触数字化测量方法，以共形几何代数为工具建立高速道岔磨耗检测系统理论模型，对系统的三维重建进行描述，将图像处理功能与三维重建功能集成为系统的软件模块，形成完整的高速道岔磨耗的非接触数字化测量系统。为了让目标检测面尽可能的位于测量系统的清晰成像范围内以获得高质量的变形信息图像，提出了测量视角优化的方法，采集完整的点云数据，在此基础上研究了点云拼接、工作面的识别以及与CAD标准模型的离散化算法，引入PFH算子对识别得到的轨顶的平面和曲面进行描述，得到其K邻域特征用于粗配准，并在OpenCL的框架下对计算进行了并行加速，选取非工作面进行了ICP精确配准，将配准得到的模型用于磨耗量的计算。开展了高速道岔磨耗非接触数字化测量系统的实验研究，验证了系统的磨耗计算精度。为评价高速道岔的舒适性和安全性提供理论支持和技术储备，同时对高铁轨道其它关键零部件结构的测量与监控也具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。