康雍乾时期三大实测全图的数字化及比较研究(1662-1795年 )

Huangyu quanlan tu皇舆全览图(Map of an Overview of the Imperial Territories )of the Kangxi-reign(1662-1722AD was the first on-the-spot survey map of China. At the behest of emperor Kangxi, it was mainly presided by French Jesuits and aided by local officials, soldiers and a variety of supporting staffs. The survey began in the 47th year of Kangxi reign (1708) and after nine year, the first general map of was completed in 1717. Since it was the first map applying modern surveying techniques in china and covering the broadest area in the world, it was a milestone in the cartography history of China as well as the world. Later on, this map were enlarged and revised as Yongzheng shipai tu（Ten Rows Map of Yongzheng Reign (1723-1735)）and Qianlong shisanpai tu (Thirteen Rows Map of Qianlong Reign (1736-1795) based on Qing government’s survey on today’s Xinjiang and Tibetan areas as well as newly collected geographical information from other Eurasian areas.There are many versions of the three atlases, this project will choose the Qingting san da shice quantu ji (The Three Complete Surveyed Atlases Compiled during the Qing Dynasty. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2007) collated by Wang Qianjin and Liu Ruofang and the Huangyu quanlan tu complied by German scholar Von Walter Fuchs ( Beijing: Fu-jen University，1943). It aims to digitize these surveyed atlases and have a comparative study on them. With the application of GIS, three sets of historical GIS with three time layers of 1710s, 1730s, and 1770s will be set up. Based on this historical GIS, this project will study the content, scope of each atlas and the mapping methods applied by them, the distortion created during the surveying and mapping and their relationship from a multidisciplinary perspective and with the application of multi-methods from the subjects of historical geography, geography, history and linguistics. The significance of this project can be generalized as follows: 1, to improve the resolution of study on the environmental changes such as the changes to the rivers, lakes and coastal lines in China; 2, to solve some problems persisting in the study on the change of administrative regions in China; 3, to improve the study of Chinese history of cartography and the technologic and cultural exchange between China and the west world; 4, to provide three sets of digitized base maps for other disciplinary studies.

康熙《皇舆全览图》系我国首次利用现代测绘技术绘制的覆盖今中国大部分地区的实测地图，也是当时世界上实测范围最大的较高精度地图。此后清政府以该图为基础，对新疆、西藏等地进行测绘，并结合亚欧其他地区地图分别绘制成《雍正十排图》及《乾隆十三排图》。这三大实测地图蕴含丰富的地理和地名信息。本项目拟采取多学科视角和研究方法，并用GIS技术对它们进行数字化，形成三套分别以1710年代、1730年代和1770年代为时间界面但范围相异的历史地理信息系统，通过建成的地理信息系统与此后不同时代的地图进行空间叠加分析，可在较大范围内相对准确地揭示河流等自然地理要素的变迁，提高近三百年来我国环境变迁研究的精度，破解历史政区研究的一些学术难题，并为其他学科研究提供基础性便利。研究包括三套图集的内容、绘制方法、过程及背景、绘制误差或变形，并与欧洲同时期绘制的类似图集进行比较分析，推进中国测绘史和中西科技文化交流史的研究

本项目由两部分组成，第一个部分是对康熙《皇舆全览图》（41幅）和《乾隆十三排图》（101幅）每幅地图进行精确地理配准之后，逐一开展手工矢量化的工作，分别产生了可以为地理信息系统展示、检索及计算的1710年代522个shp图层文件和1770年代715个shp图层文件的矢量图及相应的地图数据文件，包括对长城以北、以西地区满文地名的翻译；通过对两套图集的矢量化可知地名总数为39495条，尚有大量河流、湖泊、岛屿、山脉未标注地名。康熙《皇舆全览图》上绘制的点图层共产生10052条数据，包含2665个山名；线图层中海岸线总长度为18248.15公里，道路总长度为19255.36，长城总长度为3896.93公里，柳条边总长度1211.53公里，河流总长度达430708.05公里；面图层中湖泊总面积为102574.87平方公里，岛屿面积为65885.5平方公里。《乾隆十三排图》的点图层共产生20300条数据，包含5399个山名；线图层中海岸线总长度为54057.94公里，道路总长度为43389.67公里，长城总长度为4023.22公里，柳条边总长度1188.26公里，河流总长度为644347.51公里；面图层中湖泊总面积为993199.16平方公里，岛屿总面积289217.06平方公里。这两套矢量数据具有原创性，将有助于我国环境变迁、历史地理及历史研究等学科的研究，应用前景良好，且长期有效。.另一部分是对康熙《皇舆全览图》的精度、测绘过程、以及两图图面内容的比较研究，此外探讨西方近代测绘的由来，以及中国传统地图绘制的特点。研究认为1）康熙时期使用的中央经线为经过今北京古观象台的经线；2）提出相对精度的概念，结合中、法文文献分析，利用GIS技术，得出长城以南15省中除陕西与河南以外，各省绘制精度差别不明显，相对精度比较高的结论，较前人更好地解决了康熙《皇舆全览览图》绘制精度的问题，具有创新性。.