农民创业、村庄公共品供给与“村庄凋敝”治理：机理与实证

The phenomenon of village destitution in China's transformation process is becoming more serious, the nature of this represents as the public finance supplies insufficient goods for village. Practice has proved that the"farmer entrepreneurship "can play a complementary role, but the existing research concerns less about it .This project is based on the theories of venture, public goods and rural governance so as to build a"multidimensional theoretical analysis"framework, including management, economics, sociology and so on. "Village"is used as an action unit in rural governance in the project, and the use of logical deduction method is to establish a theoretical model on the logical relationship among the farmer entrepreneurship,village public goods supply and village destitution governance. The concept of " village public goods sentiment index " is proposed ,and data will be gotten through questionnaires, interviews, etc, mathematical model and the experimental method are used to make empirical research on the current situation and its impact consequences on village destitution in different regions ,and behavioral characteristics,supply performance as well as influencing factors that farmer entrepreneurship make to village public goods supply in different regions and different industries. In addition, the project combines case analysis to reveal the conduction mechanism among the farmers' entrepreneurship- village public goods supply - village destitution governance, and also explores that under the condition of public finances is insufficient , farmers' entrepreneurship can play a complementary role on the village public goods supply to achieve the mechanisms and paths of village destitution governance, and recommendations will be provided for the government to promote harmonious development between the urban and rural area.

中国转型期出现的"村庄凋敝"现象，本质表现为公共财政对村庄公共品供给不足，实践表明，"农民"与"村庄"的天然联系，使"农民创业"对此具有补充作用，但现有研究关注不足。本项目以创业理论、公共品理论和乡村治理理论为基础，构建管理学、经济学、社会学等学科交叉的"多维理论分析架构"，以"村庄"为农村治理行动单位，运用逻辑演绎建立"农民创业－村庄公共品供给－村庄凋敝治理"逻辑关系理论模型；提出"村庄公共品景气指数"概念，通过问卷、访谈等方式获取数据，运用数理模型和实验方法，对不同地区"村庄凋敝"现状及其影响后果、不同地区与行业的农民创业对村庄公共品供给的行为特征、供给绩效及其影响因素进行实证；结合案例揭示"农民创业－村庄公共品供给－村庄凋敝治理"关系传导机理，探寻公共财政不足情况下农民创业对村庄公共品供给的补充作用，及其对"村庄凋敝"治理的实现路径，为政府推进"城镇化与新农村建设"战略提供决策参考。

中国转型时期出现的“村庄凋敝”现象，本质上表现为公共财政对村庄公共品供给不足，实践表明，“农民”与“村庄”的天然联系，使农民创业者供给村庄公共品成为可能，从而起到治理村庄凋敝的作用。本项目研究农民创业者供给村庄公共品对村庄凋敝治理的机理，探索村庄凋敝治理的路径，经过项目组四年的努力，得出了以下结论：.（1）村庄是一个复合系统，通过利用村庄系统的开放性，通过农民创业供给村庄公共品，能够为村庄输入新能量，增加村庄系统的复杂性和提高村庄系统的协调性，有效治理村庄凋敝。.（2）农民创业者受自身与村庄的天然联系、开展创业活动带来的“ 网络经营需求”以及村庄角色强化等影响，比其他群体更有激励供给村庄公共品。.（3）村庄是农民创业者、村民等不同利益相关者共同生存的地理空间，面对村庄公共品供给带来的成本收益变化，经过与众多利益相关者权衡和博弈，以农民创业者为核心主体形成村庄公共品供给内生机制是可行的。.（4）村庄公共品可以区分为“产业基础型”、“产业专用型”和“产业拓展型”等不同类别，不同类型的公共品对村庄产业形成的作用是不同的，因此需要注意村庄产业发展对公共品的不同需求，才能提高村庄公共品供给的有效性。.（5）实证分析发现，中国转型时期农民创业活动促进村庄公共品供给水平的提高，主要来自三方面的原因：即村庄农民创业活动的活跃度、创业资源使用的非排他性及创业活动导致的经济精英崛起对村庄治理结构的改善。农民创业活动带来的村庄公共品供给，能有效改善村庄系统的凋敝状况。.（6）政府鼓励农民创业者供给村庄公共品以治理村庄凋敝问题的政策着力点包括：发挥农村干部的带头作用，鼓励农民创业；激发农民的乡土情结，增强农民创业者供给村庄公共品的激励；注意村庄产业发展与公共品类型的匹配性，提高村庄公共品供给的有效性；村庄公共品的私人供给与政府供给相结合，提高村庄公共品供给的效率。