东北国有林区林权变化对森林景观及动物生境格局的影响

Forestland ownership transition divide the large parcel into smaller parcels and drive strongly forest fragmentations which eventually lead to decreased habitat area and quality of forest ecosystems, which has been increasingly focused in those multi-ownership countries. The interaction between ownership pattern and habitat pattern is one of the important issues for the core theory, relationship between pattern and processes under anthropogenic activities, in landscape ecology..In northeastern national forest area,now there is an urgent need to perform the ownership reform dividing some parts of forestland owned traditionally by government to indivial landowner's parcel because of great loss in forest resources induced by consecutive harvest. Meanwhile, the forest systems are planned to be restored to the primary state for habitat conservation at large scale according to the 2011 planning of shifting management goal from timber production to ecological protection. Population of many species are sustained at larger scales than the holdings of even the continuous large government-owned forest perforated by small private parcels. Consequently, the conflict between various managements in small parcels owned by different landowners and requriement of habitat conservation at large scale is critically violent and inevitable. Therefore, the research on the impact of changing ownership on habits pattern is necessary and urgent in northeastern China..We will use a program generating ownership pattern and HIS model to examine how the changing ownership resulted from the reform effect habitat pattern of the Moose(alces alces) under state protection(CategoryⅡ) in Yichun which is the unique area where the ownership reform are performed. We will generate alternative ownership patterns by systematically varying personal forestland proportion and each personal patch size and parameter the HIS modle(Habitat sutabiltiy index) of moose population based on the 2010 forest landscape classification and data from field investigation. Finally, the optimized pattern will be compared under alternative senarios combning forest ownership patterns and managments. Especially, the eventual objective of this project is to reduce the negative effects on habitat quality by controlling over the ownership pattern and treatments ahead..This project will improve our standing of the relationship between pattern and possesses in forest landscape, provide a better method to generate ownership pattern instead of the neutral model, and help to develop efficient decisions for forestland ownership pattern in terms of ecological consequence.

林权制度影响下的森林景观格局变化对动物生境的影响是景观生态学中格局和过程关系这一核心理论的重要研究内容之一，已成为欧美等国的研究热点。我国国有林区林权制度改革势在必行，大小兴安岭又于2011年启动以重大国家战略：生态保护与经济转型规划，因此面临林权改革后个人承包经营的分散格局和大尺度生物保护之间的矛盾亟待解决。研究选择唯一的国有林权改革试点：黑龙江省伊春市的5个林业局为研究区，以国家二级保护物种驼鹿为代表性目标种，以试点改革形成的所有制格局为基础，模拟产生不同承包总面积和承包斑块面积的所有制格局；依据驼鹿生境选择倾向，利用生境适宜指数（HSI）模型确定其适宜生境的分布，揭示所有制格局和经营措施对生境的影响，反馈出合理的所有制格局，解决如何以大型动物生境保护为目标确定国有林区的所有制格局这一关键科学问题，丰富景观生态学核心理论，探索真实景观中模拟所有制格局的新方法，为林权改革提供生态参考。

有人类活动情况下森林景观格局变化对动物生境的影响是景观生态学中格局和过程关系这一核心理论的重要研究内容之一。森林单元的所有权或经营权有了不同的归属时，会形成异质性的经营格局，该格局与大尺度的野生动物保护之间存在固有矛盾。为了探讨如何通过控制人类活动、控制经营格局从而最大限度地保护动物生境，项目以东北森林生态系统中重要的食草动物鹿科动物狍（Capreolus pygargus）和马鹿（Cervus elaphus）为目标种，在小兴安岭双丰、铁力、桃山、翠峦和乌马河五个林业局构建了生境适宜度指数（habitat suitability index, HSI）模型，分析人类干扰下适宜生境空间特征的变化。在铁力林业局，探索林权变化带来的林下种植措施以及传统的割灌抚育和采伐对鹿科动物生境的影响；利用最大熵（maximum entropy, MaxEnt）模型模拟种群适宜生境潜在分布特征及其主要环境影响因子；以试点改革形成的所有制格局为基础，模拟产生不同承包总面积的所有制格局，反馈出合理的所有制格局面积比例。.主要研究结果：在5个林业局范围内，人为活动导致适宜生境破碎化，减少了适宜生境面积。在铁力林业局，3类经营措施中，对生境影响最大的是林权改革带来的多种形式的林下种植，其次是采伐和割灌抚育；狍和马鹿的潜在适宜生境分别占研究区总面积的16%和5%，两者的适宜生境空间重叠率很高，即马鹿适宜生境的90%以上与狍的适宜生境重叠，主要分布在铁力林业局的东部和中部林地。影响马鹿和狍潜在分布区的主要环境因子为海拔、距农田距离、灌草盖度、距林改区距离和距居民点距离；鹿科动物都躲避人类经营活动的干扰；当林下经营的面积扩大到现实情况的2–3倍时，鹿科动物适宜栖息地面积显著缩减。.项目揭示了鹿科动物潜在生境空间分布格局，确定了影响格局的自然和人为因素，反馈出合理的林权改革中个人承包的经营面积，为林区调整经营格局和优化经营措施提供了方向和依据。